Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of walnut (Juglans regia L.) intake on improvement of blood lipid levels and vascular health: A meta-analysis

호두의 혈중 지질 수준 및 혈관 건강 개선 기능성 평가: 메타분석

  • Kwak, Jin Sook (BrofoodCRO Co., Ltd.) ;
  • Park, Min Young (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kwon, Oran (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University)
  • 곽진숙 (주식회사 바이오푸드씨알오) ;
  • 박민영 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 권오란 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2014.07.20
  • Accepted : 2014.08.15
  • Published : 2014.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: Walnut is known to have unique favorable fatty acids, phytochemicals, and other nutrient profiles. As a result, there has been growing interest in evaluation of its health benefit related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although inverse associations of nut consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular disease have been reported in many epidemiological studies and qualitative reviews, few meta-analysis studies have been reported. This meta-analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of a walnut-enhanced diet on CVD risk factors. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Cochrane, Science Direct, and KISS (Korean studies Information Service System) through July 2014. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on 17 trials reporting total cholesterol (TC), 14 trials reporting LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), 15 trials reporting HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), 17 trials reporting triglyceride (TG), and four trials reporting flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Results: In meta-analysis, intake of a walnut-enhanced diet resulted in significantly lowered TC, LDL-C, and TG by -0.124 mmol/l (95% CI, -0.209, -0.039; p = 0.004), -0.085 mmol/lL (95% CI, -0.167, -0.004; p = l0.039), and -0.080 mmol/l (95% CI, -0.155, -0.004; p = 0.039), respectively. The overall pooled estimate of the effect on FMD was +1.313% (95% CI, 0.744, 1.882, p = 0.000). HDL-C was not affected by walnut intake. No statistical heterogeneity was observed for any analysis. Results of funnel plots and Egger's regression suggested a low likelihood of publication bias in all biomarkers (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this meta-analysis provide consistent evidence that walnut-enhanced diet intake reduces the CVD risk factors.

호두의 혈중 지질 수준 및 혈관 건강 개선 기능성을 평가하기 위하여 메타 분석을 실시하였다. 2014년 7월 9일 기준으로 DB 검색을 통해 426건의 자료를 수집하여, 선정/제외 기준에 따라 선별한 결과 총 19건 (n = 1,040)의 연구가 분석에 포함되었다. 호두를 일상 식사에서 일부 지방 급원 또는 열량을 대체하여 섭취하였을 때, 총 콜레스테롤, 저밀도 콜레스테롤, 중성지방 수준 및 혈류 매개 혈관 확장능을 각각 -0.124 mmol/l, -0.085 mmol/l, -0.080 mmol/l, +1.313 % 수준으로 대조군 대비 유의하게 개선시키는 것으로 분석되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(16): 1685-1695. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra043430
  2. Statistics Korea. 2012 statistics on causes of death. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2013.
  3. Mozaffarian D, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Beyond established and novel risk factors: lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008; 117(23): 3031-3038. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738732
  4. National Academy of Agricultural Science. Food composition table [Internet]. Wanju: National Academy of Agricultural Science; 2006 [cited 2014 Jul 16]. Available from: http://koreanfood.rda. go.kr/fct/Fct_Intro.aspx.
  5. United States Department of Agriculture. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, Release 26 [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture; 2013 [cited 2014 Jul 16]. Available from: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/ list.
  6. Sabate J, Ang Y. Nuts and health outcomes: new epidemiologic evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(5): 1643S-1648S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736Q
  7. Li TY, Brennan AM, Wedick NM, Mantzoros C, Rifai N, Hu FB. Regular consumption of nuts is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2009; 139(7): 1333-1338. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.103622
  8. Mukuddem-Petersen J, Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC. A systematic review of the effects of nuts on blood lipid profiles in humans. J Nutr 2005; 135(9): 2082-2089. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.9.2082
  9. Phung OJ, Makanji SS, White CM, Coleman CI. Almonds have a neutral effect on serum lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109(5): 865-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.02.014
  10. Taylor SE. Qualified health claims: letter of enforcement discretion - Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0292) [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2004 [cited 2014 Jul 16]. Available from: http://www.fda. gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ ucm072910.htm.
  11. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to walnuts and maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 1156, 1158) and improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (ID 1155, 1157) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2011; 9(4): 2074. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2074
  12. Banel DK, Hu FB. Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90(1): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27457
  13. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Guidance for the evaluation on the functionality of health functional food. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2008.
  14. United States Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Silver Spring (MD): United States Food and Drug Administration; 2009 [cited 2014 Jul 16]. Available from: http:// www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocuments- RegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm073332.htm.
  15. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific and technical guidance for the preparation and presentation of an application for authorisation of a health claim (revision 1). EFSA J [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jul 16]; 9(5): 2170. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2170.htm.
  16. Kim JY, Jeong S, Paek JE, Kim J, Kwak JS, Lee YJ, Kang TS, Kwon O. Systematic review of the effect of coenzyme Q10 on antioxidant capacity while focused on evaluation of claims for health functional food. J Nutr Health 2013; 46(3): 218-225. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2013.46.3.218
  17. Jeong S, Kim JY, Paek JE, Kim J, Kwak JS, Kwon O. Systematic review of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on improvement of blood flow while focused on evaluation of claims for health functional food. J Nutr Health 2013; 46(3): 226-238. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2013.46.3.226
  18. Kim JY, Kwon O. Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(1): 257-264. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26142
  19. Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. Oxford: The Cochrane Collaboration;2011.
  20. Chisholm A, Mann J, Skeaff M, Frampton C, Sutherland W, Duncan A, Tiszavari S. A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52(1): 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600507
  21. Cortes B, Nunez I, Cofan M, Gilabert R, Perez-Heras A, Casals E, Deulofeu R, Ros E. Acute effects of high-fat meals enriched with walnuts or olive oil on postprandial endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48(8): 1666-1671.
  22. Din JN, Aftab SM, Jubb AW, Carnegy FH, Lyall K, Sarma J, Newby DE, Flapan AD. Effect of moderate walnut consumption on lipid profile, arterial stiffness and platelet activation in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65(2): 234-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.233
  23. Fitschen PJ, Rolfhus KR, Winfrey MR, Allen BK, Manzy M, Maher MA. Cardiovascular effects of consumption of black versus English walnuts. J Med Food 2011; 14(9): 890-898. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0169
  24. Haddad EH, Gaban-Chong N, Oda K, Sabate J. Effect of a walnut meal on postprandial oxidative stress and antioxidants in healthy individuals. Nutr J 2014; 13: 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-4
  25. Iwamoto M, Imaizumi K, Sato M, Hirooka Y, Sakai K, Takeshita A, Kono M. Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56(7): 629-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601400
  26. Katz DL, Davidhi A, Ma Y, Kavak Y, Bifulco L, Njike VY. Effects of walnuts on endothelial function in overweight adults with visceral obesity: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2012; 31(6): 415-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2012.10720468
  27. Ma Y, Njike VY, Millet J, Dutta S, Doughty K, Treu JA, Katz DL. Effects of walnut consumption on endothelial function in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(2): 227-232. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1156
  28. Morgan JM, Horton K, Reese D, Carey C, Walker K, Capuzzi DM. Effects of walnut consumption as part of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2002; 72(5): 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.5.341
  29. Mukuddem-Petersen J, Stonehouse Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC, Hanekom SM, White Z. Effects of a high walnut and high cashew nut diet on selected markers of the metabolic syndrome: a controlled feeding trial. Br J Nutr 2007; 97(6): 1144-1153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507682944
  30. Ros E, Nunez I, Perez-Heras A, Serra M, Gilabert R, Casals E, Deulofeu R. A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Circulation 2004; 109(13): 1609-1614. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000124477.91474.FF
  31. Schutte AE, Van Rooyen JM, Huisman HW, Mukuddem-Petersen J, Oosthuizen W, Hanekom SM, Jerling JC. Modulation of baroreflex sensitivity by walnuts versus cashew nuts in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19(6): 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.12.014
  32. Tapsell LC, Gillen LJ, Patch CS, Batterham M, Owen A, Bare M, Kennedy M. Including walnuts in a low-fat/modified-fat diet improves HDL cholesterol-to-total cholesterol ratios in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(12): 2777-2783. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.12.2777
  33. Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ, Teuss G, Tan SY, Dalton S, Quick CJ, Gillen LJ, Charlton KE. Long-term effects of increased dietary polyunsaturated fat from walnuts on metabolic parameters in type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63(8): 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.19
  34. Torabian S, Haddad E, Cordero-MacIntyre Z, Tanzman J, Fernandez ML, Sabate J. Long-term walnut supplementation without dietary advice induces favorable serum lipid changes in freeliving individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64(3): 274-279. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.152
  35. Wu H, Pan A, Yu Z, Qi Q, Lu L, Zhang G, Yu D, Zong G, Zhou Y, Chen X, Tang L, Feng Y, Zhou H, Chen X, Li H, Demark-Wahnefried W, Hu FB, Lin X. Lifestyle counseling and supplementation with flaxseed or walnuts influence the management of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2010; 140(11): 1937-1942. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.126300
  36. Wu L, Piotrowski K, Rau T, Waldmann E, Broedl UC, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Stark RG, Nagel JM, Mantzoros CS, Parhofer KG. Walnut-enriched diet reduces fasting non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in healthy Caucasian subjects: a randomized controlled cross-over clinical trial. Metabolism 2014; 63(3): 382-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2013.11.005
  37. Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132(7): 538-546.
  38. Feldman EB. The scientific evidence for a beneficial health relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease. J Nutr 2002; 132(5): 1062S-1101S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.5.1062S
  39. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K; Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007; 369(9567): 1090-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3
  40. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2002; 112(4): 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01114-7
  41. Whelton SP, He J, Whelton PK, Muntner P. Meta-analysis of observational studies on fish intake and coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93(9): 1119-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.038
  42. Xun P, Qin B, Song Y, Nakamura Y, Kurth T, Yaemsiri S, Djousse L, He K. Fish consumption and risk of stroke and its subtypes: accumulative evidence from a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66(11): 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.133
  43. Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26(6): 631-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-010-9616-1
  44. Ras RT, Streppel MT, Draijer R, Zock PL. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular risk prediction: a systematic review with meta- analysis. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168(1): 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.047
  45. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(27): 2002-2012. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312303292706
  46. Pongrojpaw D, Somprasit C, Chanthasenanont A. A randomized comparison of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90 (9): 1703-1709.

Cited by

  1. Effect of cassia cinnamon intake on improvement of the glycemic response: An updated meta-analysis: Focus on preparation of dehydrated powder and water extract vol.50, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.5.437
  2. Medicinal plants’ use among patients with dyslipidemia: an Iranian cross-sectional survey vol.0, pp.0, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2018-0101
  3. 호두 첨가가 양조간장의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향 vol.30, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2017.30.5.860
  4. Effect of walnut (Juglans Regia) consumption on hyperlipidemic adults vol.41, pp.suppl2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.29720