Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts

한국아동학회 (Korean Association of Child Studies)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Relationship between Chinese Parents' Reaction to Children's Negative Emotions and Children's Understanding of Emotions

  • 투고 : 2014.07.15
  • 심사 : 2014.08.11
  • 발행 : 2014.08.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese parents' reaction to their children's negative emotions and how these reactions relate to their children's understanding of emotions. Forty-two Chinese children (aged 4) and their parents participated in this study. Coping with Children's Negative Emotion Scale was given to parents to assess their reaction to their children's negative emotions. Children's emotional understanding was assessed using the modified emotional false-belief task and mixed emotion task. The results showed that Chinese parents gave supportive reactions more than non-supportive reactions to their children, and no difference in sex was found. The percentages of correct answers to false-belief task and mixed emotion task were low with no gender difference in both tasks. When age and sex of children were controlled, only fathers' supportive reactions to children's negative emotions significantly explained the variances in the level of children's understanding of emotions in both tasks. That is, children whose fathers showed greater supportive reactions to their negative emotions performed better at both tasks. It was concluded that fathers' supportive reactions to their children's negative emotions are very influential for emotional understanding among 4-year-old children in China.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abbott, D. A., Zheng, F. M., Douglas, A., & Meredith, W. H. (1992). An evolving redefinition of the fatherhood role in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 22(1), 45-54.
  2. Arnold, F., & Liu, Z. X. (1986). Sex preference for children in China. Population and Development Review, 12, 221-246. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973109
  3. Banerjee, R., & Yuill, N. (1999). Children's understanding of self presentational display rules: Associations with mental state understanding. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151099165186
  4. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind?" Cognition, 21, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
  5. Bond, M. H. (1991). Beyond the Chinese face. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
  6. Boyum, L. A., & Parke, R. D. (1995). The role of family emotional expressiveness in the development of children's social competence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57(3), 593-608. https://doi.org/10.2307/353915
  7. Bradmetz, J., & Schneider, R. (1999). Is Little Red Riding Hood afraid of her grandmother? Cognitive vs. emotional response to a false belief. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151099165438
  8. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford.
  9. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Crouter, A. C. (1983). The evolution of environmental models in developmental research. In W. Kessen (Vol. Ed.) & P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. History, theory, and methods (4th ed., pp. 357-414). New York: Wiley.
  10. Brown, J. R., & Dunn, J. (1996). Continuities in emotion understanding from three to six years. Child Development, 67, 789-802. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131861
  11. Bryant, B. K. (1987). Mental health, temperament, family, and friends: Perspectives on children's empathy and social perspective taking. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  12. Buck, R. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: Guilford.
  13. Bybee, J. (1998). Guilt and children. San Diego, MA: Academic Press.
  14. Campos, J., & Barrett, K. (1984). Toward a new understanding of emotions and their development. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  15. Cervantes, C. A., & Callanan, M. A. (1998). Labels and explanations in mother child emotion talk: Age and gender differentiation. Developmental Psychology, 34(1), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.1.88
  16. Chao, R. K., & Sue, S. (1996). Chinese parental influence and their children's school success: A paradox in the literature on parenting styles. In S. Lau (Ed.), Growing up the Chinese way (pp.93-120). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  17. Chao, R. K., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting. Vol. 4: Social conditions and applied parenting (pp. 59 - 93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  18. Chen, X., Li, D., Li, Z., Li, B., & Liu, M. (2000). Sociable and prosocial dimensions of social competence in Chinese children: Common and unique contributions to social, academic, and psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 36, 302-314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.302
  19. Chen, X. Y., Liu, M. W., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 401-419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.401
  20. Chen, Y. H., Cui, Y. L., & Wang, Y. Q. (2005). Children's theory of mind and emotional development. Psychological Science, 28(3), 527-532.
  21. Denham, S. A. (1986). Social cognition, prosocial behavior, and emotion in preschoolers: Contextual validation. Child Development, 57, 194-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130651
  22. Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: The Guilford press.
  23. Denham, S. A., Blair, K. A., DeMulder, E., Levitas, J., Sawyer, K., & Auerbach Major, S. (2003). Preschool emotion competence: Pathway to social competence. Child Development, 74, 238-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00533
  24. Denham, S. A., Cook, M., & Zoller, D. (1992). Baby looks very sad: Implications of conversations about feelings between mother and preschooler. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1992.tb00579.x
  25. Denham, S. A., Mason, T., & Couchoud, E. A. (1995). Scaffolding young children's prosocial responsiveness: Preschoolers' responses to adult sadness, anger, and pain. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18(3), 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549501800306
  26. Denham, S. A., McKinley, M., Couchoud, E. A., & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and behavioral predictors of peer status in young preschoolers. Child Development, 61, 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130882
  27. Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024426431247
  28. Denham, S. A., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers' understanding of emotion. Marriage & Family Review, 34, 311-343. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v34n03_06
  29. Denham, S. A., Zoller, D., & Couchoud, E. A. (1994). Socialization of preschoolers' emotion understanding. Developmental Psychology, 30, 928-936. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.928
  30. Denham, S., Renwick-DeBardi, S., & Hewes, S. (1994). Affective communication between mothers and preschoolers: Relations with social emotional competence. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 40, 488-508.
  31. Dong, G. H., & Yang, L. Z. (2007). The development of children's mixed emotion. Journal of Liaoning Normal University, 30, 1-12.
  32. Dornbusch, S. M., Ritter, P. L., Leiderman, P. H., Roberts, D. F., & Fraleigh, M. J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, 1244-1257. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130618
  33. Dunn, J. (2002). Sibling relationships. In P. K. Smith, & C. H. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 223-237). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  34. Dunn, L., & Dunn, L. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test (3rd Eds.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
  35. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
  36. Eisenberg., N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 40, 138-156.
  37. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131620
  38. Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34, 285-310. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v34n03_05
  39. Garner, P. W., Jones, D. D., & Miner, J. L. (1994). Social competence among low income preschoolers: Emotion socialization practices and social cognitive correlates. Child Development, 65, 622-637. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131405
  40. Garner, P. W., Robertson, S., & Smith, G. (1997). Preschool children's emotional expressions with peers: The roles of gender and emotion socialization. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 36, 675-692. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025601104859
  41. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
  42. Gottman, J., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
  43. Halberstadt, A. G., Crisp, V. W., & Eaton, K. L. (1999). Family expressiveness: A retrospective and new directions for research. In P. Philippot, R. S. Feldman, & E. Coats (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  44. Halberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001). Affective social competence. Social Development, 10(1), 79-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00150
  45. Harris, P. L., & Lipian, M. (1989). Understanding emotion and experiencing emotion. In C. Saarni & P. Harris (Eds.), Children's understanding of emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  46. Hinde, R. A. (1995). A suggested structure for a science of relationships. Personal Relationships, 2, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00074.x
  47. Ho, D. Y. F. (1986).Chinese pattern of socialization: A critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp.1-37). New York: Oxford University Press.
  48. Ho, D. Y. F. (1987). Fatherhood in Chinese culture. In M.E. Lamb (Ed.), The father's role: Cross cultural perspectives (pp. 227-246). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  49. Ho, D. Y. F. (1994). Cognitive socialization in Confucian heritage cultures. (p. 287) In P. M. Greenfield & R. R. Cocking, (Eds.), Cross cultural roots of minority child development (pp. 285-314). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  50. Hooven, C., Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (1995). Parental meta emotion structure predicts marital quality and children's socioemotional outcomes. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 229-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508409010
  51. Hughes, C., Adlam, A., Happe, F., Jackson, J., Taylor, A., & Caspi, A. (2000). Good testretest reliability for standard and advanced false belief tasks across a wide range of abilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 483-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00633
  52. Hughes, C., & Dunn, J. (1998). Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1026-1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1026
  53. John, B., Wang, F., Nancy, E. R., & Zhao, X. H. (1992). Gender inequality in urban China: Education and employment. Modern China, 18(3), 333-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/009770049201800304
  54. Kestenbaum, R., & Celman, S. A. (1995). Preschool children's identification and understanding of mixed emotions. Cognitive Development, 10, 443-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2014(95)90006-3
  55. Kliewer, W., Fearnow, M. D., & Miller, P. (1996). Coping socialization in middle childhood: Tests of maternal and paternal influences. Child Development, 67, 2339-2357. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131627
  56. Kochanska, G. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852-868. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131423
  57. Laible, D., & Thompson, R. (1998). Attachment and emotional understanding in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1038-1045. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1038
  58. Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1994). Family emotions: Do young adolescents and their parents experience the same states? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4(4), 567-583. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0404_8
  59. Leaper, C., Anderson, K. J., & Sanders, P. (1998). Moderators of gender effects on parents' talk to their children: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 34, 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.1.3
  60. Lieber, E., Fung, H., & Leung, P.W. (2006). Chinese child rearing beliefs: Key dimensions and contributions to the development of culture appropriate assessment. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00191.x
  61. Lim, J. Y., & Lee, Y. (2007). 4 year olds' false belief understanding and their relations to mother-child attachment security. Journal of ARAHE, 14, 165-170.
  62. Lin, C. C., & Fu, V. R. (1990). A comparison of child rearing practices among Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian American parents. Child Development, 61, 429-433. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131104
  63. Lunkenheimer, E. S., Shields, A. M., & Cortina, K. S. (2007). Parental emotion coaching and dismissing in family interaction. Social Development, 16, 232-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00382.x
  64. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  65. McElwain, N. L., Halberstadt, A. G., & Volling, B. L. (2007). Mother and father reported reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to young children's emotional understanding and friendship quality. Child Development, 78(5), 1407-1425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01074.x
  66. Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (1998). Socialization in the family: Ethnic and ecological perspectives. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) and N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed. 463-552). New York: Wiley.
  67. Parke, R. D., & McDowell, D. J. (1998).Toward an expanded model of emotion socialization: New people, new pathways. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 303 - 307. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_13
  68. Pons, F., Harris, P. L., & de Rosnay, M. (2004). Emotion comprehension between 3 and 11 years: Developmental periods and hierarchical organization. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 127-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620344000022
  69. Rohner, R. P., & Veneziano, R. A. (2001). The importance of father love: History and contemporary evidence. Review of General Psychology, 5, 382-405. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.382
  70. Soto, J. A., Levenson, R. W., & Ebling, R. (2005). Cultures of moderation and expression: Emotional experience, behavior, and physiology in Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans. Emotion, 5(2), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.154
  71. Stevenson, H. W., Chen, C., & Lee, S. (1992). Chinese families. In I. E. Siegal (Series Ed.) & J. Roopnarine, & D. B. Carter (Vol. Eds.), Annual advances in applied developmental psychology: Vol. 5. Parent child socialization in diverse cultures (pp. 17 33). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
  72. Strayer, J. (1980). A naturalistic study of empathic behaviors and their relations to affective states and perspective-taking skills in preschool children. Child Development, 51, 815-822. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129469
  73. Tomkins, S. (1991). Affect, imagery, consciousness (Vol. II). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
  74. Trentacosta, C. J., & Izard, C. E. (2007). Kindergarten children's emotion competence as a predictor of their academic competence in first grade. Emotion, 7, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.77
  75. Tsui, M., & Rich, L. (2002). The only child and educational opportunity for girls in urban China. Gender & Society, 16(1), 74-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243202016001005
  76. Volling, B. L. (2003). Sibling relationships. In M. H. Bornstein, L. Davidson, C. L. M. Keyes, & K. A. Moore (Eds.), Well being: Positive development across the life course (pp. 205-220). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  77. Volling, B. L., McElwain, N. L., Notaro, P. C., & Herrera, C. (2002). Parents' emotional availability and infant emotional competence: Predictors of parent infant attachment and emerging self-regulation. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 447-465. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.16.4.447
  78. Wang, Q. (2001). “Did you have fun?”: American and Chinese mother-child conversations about shared emotional experiences. Cognitive Development, 16(2), 693-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(01)00055-7
  79. Wang, Q., & Leichtman, M. L. (2000). Same beginnings, different stories: A comparison of American and Chinese children's narratives. Child Development, 71(5), 1329-1346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00231
  80. Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2003) Meta analysis of theory of mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655-684.
  81. Winter, M., & Vallance, D. D. (1994). A developmental sequence in the comprehension of emotions: Multiple emotions, intensity, and valence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 509-514. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.509
  82. Wu, D. Y. H., & Tseng, W. (1985). Introduction: The characteristics of Chinese culture. In W. Tseng & D. Y. H. Wu (Eds.), Chinese culture and mental health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
  83. Zeman, J., & Shipman, K. (1997). Social contextual influences on expectancies for managing anger and sadness: The transition from middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 33, 917-924. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.917

피인용 문헌

  1. The Effects of Parental Psychological Control and Boys and Girls’ Rejection Sensitivity on Relational Aggression in Elementary School Students vol.37, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.4.31