DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparative study on the behavior of lime-soil columns and other types of stone columns

  • 투고 : 2013.12.05
  • 심사 : 2014.03.21
  • 발행 : 2014.08.25

초록

An experimental study is carried out to evaluate the performance of Lime mortar-Well graded Soil (Lime-WS) columns for the improvement of soft soils. Tests are conducted on a column of 100 mm diameter and 600 mm length surrounded by soft soil in different area ratios. Experiments are performed either with the entire area loading to evaluate the load - settlement behavior of treated grounds and only a column area loading to find the limiting axial stress of the column. A series of tests are carried out in soaking condition to investigate the influence of moisture content on the load - settlement behavior of specimens. In order to compare the behavior of Lime-WS columns with Conventional Stone (CS) columns as well as Geogrid Encased Stone (GES) columns, the behavior of these columns have been also considered in the present study. Remarkable improvement in the behavior of soft soil is observed due to the installation of Lime-WS columns and the performance of these columns is significantly enhanced by increasing the area ratio. The results show that CS columns are not suitable as a soil improvement technique for extremely soft soils and should be enhanced by encasing the column or replaced by rigid stone columns.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Alamgir, M., Miura, N., Poorooshasb, H.B. and Madhav, M.R. (1996), "Deformation analysis of soft ground reinforced by columnar inclusions", Comput. Geotech., 18(4), 267-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-352X(95)00034-8
  2. Ambily, A.P. and Gandhi, S.R. (2007), "Behavior of stone columns based on experimental and FEM analysis", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 133(4), 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(405)
  3. Ayadat, T. and Hanna, A.M. (2005), "Encapsulated stone columns as a soil improvement technique for collapsible soil", Ground Improv., 9(4), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2005.9.4.137
  4. Babu, M.R.D., Nayak, S. and Shivashankar, R. (2012), "A critical review of construction, analysis and behavior of stone columns", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 31(1), 1-22.
  5. Barksdale, R.D. and Bachus, R.C. (1983), "Design and construction of stone columns", Federal Highway Administration, RD- 83/026, 210 p.
  6. Bell, F.G. (1988), "Stabilization and treatment of clay soils with lime, Part 1 - Basic Principles", Ground Engineering, 21(1), 10-15.
  7. Bergado, D.T., Rantucci, G. and Widodo, S. (1984), "Full scale load tests on granular piles and sand drains in the soft Bangkok clay", Proceedings of International Conference on In-situ Soil and Rock Reinforcement, Paris, France, October.
  8. Black, J., Sivakumar, V. and McKinley, J.D. (2007), "Performance of clay samples reinforced with vertical granular columns", Can. Geotech. J., 44(1), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-081
  9. Broms, B.B. and Boman, P. (1979), "Lime columns - a new foundation method", J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 105(4), 539-556.
  10. Castro, J. and Karstunen, M. (2010), "Numerical simulations of stone column installations", Can. Geotech. J., 47(10), 1127- 1138. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-019
  11. Cimentada, A., Costa, A.D., Canizal, J. and Sagaseta, C. (2011), "Laboratory study on radial consolidation and deformation in clay reinforced with stone columns", Can. Geotech. J., 48(1), 36-52. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-043
  12. Datye, K.R. and Nagaraju, S.S. (1981), "Design approach and field control for stone columns", Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, June.
  13. Deb, K., Samadhiya, N.K. and Namdeo, J.B. (2011), "Laboratory model studies on unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced sand bed over stone column-improved soft clay", Geotext. Geomembr., 29(2),190-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.004
  14. DiMaggio, J.A. (1978), "Stone columns for highway construction", Technical Report No. FHWA-DP-46-1, U.S. Department of Transport- Federal Highway Administration.
  15. Engelhardt, K., Flynn, W.A. and Bayuk, A.A. (1974), "Vibro- replacement method to strengthen cohesive soils in situ", Proceedings of ASCE National Structural Engineering Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, USA, April.
  16. Fattah, M.Y., Shlash, K.T. and Al Waily, M.J.M. (2011), "Stress concentration ratio of model stone columns in soft clays", Geotech. Test. J., 34 (1), 50-60.
  17. FGSV (Forschungsgesellschaft f. Strassen- und Verkehrswesen) (1979), "Merkblatt fur die Untergrundverbesserung durch, Tiefenruttler," Koln: FGSV Verlag. [In German]
  18. Ghazavi, M. and Nazari Afshar, J. (2013), "Bearing capacity of geosynthetics encased stone columns", Geotext. Geomembr., 38, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.04.003
  19. Gniel, J. and Bouazza, A. (2009), "Improvement of soft soils using geogrid encased stone columns", Geotext. Geomembr., 27(3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.001
  20. Gniel, J. and Bouazza, A. (2010), "Construction of geogrid encased stone columns: a new proposal based on laboratory testing", Geotext. Geomembr., 28 (1), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.12.012
  21. Greenwood, D.A. (1970), "Mechanical improvement of soils below ground surface", Proceeding of Ground Engineering Conference, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, England, June.
  22. Greenwood, D.A. and Kirsch, K. (1983), "Specialist ground treatment by vibratory and dynamics methods", Proceedings of International Conference on Piling and Ground Treatment, London, England, March.
  23. Han, J. and Ye, S.L. (2001), "Simplified method for consolidation rate of stone column reinforced foundation", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(7), 597-603. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(597)
  24. Hanna, A.M., Etezad, M. and Ayadat, T. (2013), "Mode of failure of a group of stone columns in soft soil", Int. J. Geomech., ASCE, 13(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000175
  25. Hughes, J.M.O. and Withers, N.J. (1974), "Reinforcing of soft cohesive soils with stone columns", Ground Eng., 7(3), 31-44.
  26. IS (2003), Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design and Construction for Ground Improvement- Guidelines, Part: 1, Stone columns, IS 15284, India.
  27. Juran, I. and Riccobono, O. (1991), "Reinforcing soft soils with artificially cemented compacted-sand columns", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 117(7), 1042-1060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:7(1042)
  28. Locat, J., Tremblay, H. and Leroueil, S. (1996), "Mechanical and hydraulic behavior of a soft inorganic clay treated with lime", Can. Geotech. J., 33(4), 654-669. https://doi.org/10.1139/t96-090-311
  29. Malarvizhi, S.N. and Ilamparuthi, K. (2007), "Comparative study on the behavior of encased stone column and conventional stone column", Soil. Found., 47(5), 873-885. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.873
  30. Malekpoor, M.R. and Toufigh, M.M. (2010), "Laboratory study of soft soil improvement using lime mortar-(well graded) soil columns", Geotech. Test. J., 33(3), 1-11.
  31. Matthew, P.K. and Rao, S.N. (1997), "Effect of lime on Cation exchange capacity of marine clay", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 123(2), 183-185. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:2(183)
  32. McKelvey, D., Sivakumar, V., Bell, A. and Graham, J. (2004), "Modeling vibrated stone columns on soft clay", Geotech. Eng., 157(3), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2004.157.3.137
  33. McKenna, J.M., Eyre, W.A. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1975), "Performance of an embankment supported by stone columns in soft ground", Geotechnique, 25(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1975.25.1.51
  34. Mitchell, J.K. and Huber, T.R. (1985), "Performance of a stone column foundation", J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 111(2), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:2(205)
  35. Mitra, S. and Chattopadhyay, B.C. (1999), "Stone columns and design limitations", Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Calcutta, India, December.
  36. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2006), "Geosynthetic encased stone columns: numerical evaluation", Geotext. Geomembr., 24(6), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.05.001
  37. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2007), "Model tests on geosynthetic encased stone columns", Geosynthet. Int. J., 14(6), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2007.14.6.346
  38. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2009), "Shear load tests on stone columns with and without geosynthetic encasement", Geotech. Test. J., ASTM, 32(1), 76-85.
  39. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2010), "Studies on the behavior of single and group of geosynthetic encased stone columns", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 136(1), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000187
  40. Priebe, H.J. (1976), "Evaluation of the settlement reduction of a foundation improved by vibro-replacement", Bautechnik, 5, 160-162. [In German]
  41. Priebe, H.J. (1995), "The design of vibro replacement", Ground Eng., 28(12), 31-37.
  42. Rajasekaran, G. and Rao, S.N. (1998), "Particle size analysis of lime treated marine clays", Geotech. Test. Ji., 21(2), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10749J
  43. Rao, S.N. and Rajasekaran, G. (1996), "Reaction products formed in lime-stabilized marine clays", J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 122(5), 329-336. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:5(329)
  44. Raithel, M., Kempfert, H.G. and Kirchner, A. (2002), "Geotextile encased columns (GEC) for foundation of a dike on very soft soils", Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Nice, France, September.
  45. Rathmayer, H. (1975), "Piled embankment supported by single pile caps", Proceeding of Istanbul Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey, March-April.
  46. Rogers, C.D.F. and Bruce, C.J. (1991), Slope Stability Engineering, Thomas Telford, London, England.
  47. Samadhiya, N.K., Maheswari, P., Basu, P. and Kumar, M.B. (2008), "Load-settlement characteristics of granular piles with randomly mixed fibers", Indian Geotech. J., 38(3), 345-354.
  48. Shivashankar, R., Babu, M.R.D., Nayak, S. and Rajathkumar, V. (2011), "Experimental studies on behavior of stone columns in layered soils", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 29(5), 749- 757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9414-0
  49. Simon, B. (2012), "General report, Session 5: Rigid inclusions and stone columns", International Symposium on Ground Improvement, Brussels, Belgium, May-June.
  50. Sivakumar, V., McKelvey, D., Graham, J. and Hughes, D. (2004), "Triaxial tests on model sand columns in clay", Can. Geotech. J., 41(2), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-097
  51. Van Impe, W. and Silence, P. (1986), "Improving of the bearing capacity of weak hydraulic fills by means of Geotextiles", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotextiles, Vienna, Austria, April.
  52. Wehr, J. (2006), "The undrained cohesion of the soil as criterion for the column installation with a depth vibrator", Proceeding of the International Symposium on Vibratory Pile Driving and Deep Soil Vibratory Compaction, TRANSVIB, Paris, France, September.
  53. Wood, D.M., Hu, W. and Nash, D.F.T. (2000), "Group effect in stone column foundations: Model tests", Geotechnique, 50(6), 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.689
  54. Zhou, C., Yin, J.H. and Ming, J.P. (2002), "Bearing capacity and settlement of weak fly ash ground improvement using lime- fly ash or stone columns", Can. Geotech. J., 39(3), 585-596. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-011

피인용 문헌

  1. Study properties of soft subgrade soil stabilized by sewage sludge/lime and nano-SiO2 vol.10, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.6.793
  2. Geotechnical shear behavior of Xanthan Gum biopolymer treated sand from direct shear testing vol.12, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.831
  3. Evaluation of Dynamic Properties of Sodium-Alginate-Reinforced Soil Using A Resonant-Column Test vol.14, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112743