Smart Structures and Systems

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Constructing the mode shapes of a bridge from a passing vehicle: a theoretical study

  • Yang, Y.B. (Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University) ;
  • Li, Y.C. (Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University) ;
  • Chang, K.C. (Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University)
  • Received : 2012.03.26
  • Accepted : 2013.08.22
  • Published : 2014.05.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical algorithm for constructing the mode shapes of a bridge from the dynamic responses of a test vehicle moving over the bridge. In comparison with those approaches that utilize a limited number of sensors deployed on the bridge, the present approach can offer much more spatial information, as well as higher resolution in mode shapes, since the test vehicle can receive the vibration characteristics of each point during its passage on the bridge. Basically only one or few sensors are required to be installed on the test vehicle. Factors that affect the accuracy of the present approach for constructing the bridge mode shapes are studied, including the vehicle speed, random traffic, and road surface roughness. Through numerical simulations, the present approach is verified to be feasible under the condition of constant and low vehicle speeds.

Keywords

References

  1. Altunisik, A.C, Bayraktar, A. and Ozdemir, H. (2012), "Seismic safety assessment of eynel highway steel bridge using ambient vibration measurements", Smart Struct. Syst., 10(2), 131-154. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2012.10.2.131
  2. Bandat, J.S. and Piersol, A.G. (1986), Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
  3. Brownjohn, J.M.W., Xia, P.Q., Hao, H. and Xia, Y. (2001), "Civil structure condition assessment by FE model updating: methodology and case studies", Finite Elem. Anal. Des., 37(10), 761-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-874X(00)00071-8
  4. Bu, J.Q., Law, S.S. and Zhu, X.Q. (2006), "Innovative bridge condition assessment from dynamic response of a passing vehicle", J. Eng. Mech. - ASCE, 132(12), 1372-1379. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2006)132:12(1372)
  5. Carden, E.P. and Fanning, P. (2004), "Vibration-based condition monitoring: a review", Struct. Health Monit., 3(4), 355-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921704047500
  6. Chang, P.C., Flatau, A. and Liu, S.C. (2003), "Review paper: Health monitoring of civil infrastructure", Struct. Health Monit., 2(3), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921703036169
  7. Chang,K.C., Wu, F.B. and Yang, Y.B. (2010), "Effect of road surface roughness on indirect approach for measuring bridge frequencies from a passing vehicle", Interact. Multiscale Mech., 3(4), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.12989/imm.2010.3.4.299
  8. Chrysostomou, C.Z., Demetriou, T. and Stassis, A. (2008), "Health-monitoring and system-identification of an ancient aqueduct", Smart Struct. Syst., 4(2), 183-104. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2008.4.2.183
  9. Clough, R.W. and Penzien, J. (1993), Dynamics of structures, 2nd Ed., Mcgraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.
  10. Doebling, S.W., Farrar, C.R., and Prime, M.B. (1998), "A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods", Shock Vib. Digest, 30, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/058310249803000201
  11. Ewins, D.J. (2000), Modal testing: theory, practice and application, 2nd Ed, Research Studies Press, Ltd., England.
  12. Fang, S.E. and Perera, R. (2009), "Power mode shapes for early damage detection in linear structures", J. Sound Vib., 324(1-2), 40-56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2009.02.002
  13. Farrar, C.R., Doebling, S.W. and Nix, D.A. (2001), "Vibration-based structural damage identification", Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond. A, 359, 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0717
  14. Farrar and James (1997), "System identification from ambient vibration measurements on a bridge", J. Sound Vib., 205(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1997.0977
  15. Huang, C.S., Yang, Y.B., Lu, L.Y. and Chen, C.H. (1999), "Dynamic testing and system identification of a multi-span highway bridge", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 28(8), 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199908)28:8<857::AID-EQE844>3.0.CO;2-5
  16. Huang, N.E., Shen, Z., Long, S.R., Wu, M.C., Shih, H.H., Zheng, Q. Yeh, N.C., Tung, C.C. and Liu, H.H. (1998), "The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 454, 903-995. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1998.0193
  17. Huang, N.E., Shen, Z. and Long, S.R. (1999), "A new view of nonlinear water waves: the Hilbert spectrum", Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 31, 417-457. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.417
  18. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1995), Mechanical vibration - road surface profiles - reporting of measured data, ISO 8608.
  19. Jaishi, B. and Ren, W.X. (2005), "Structural finite element model updating using ambient vibration test results", J. Struct. Eng. - ASCE, 131(4), 617-628. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:4(617)
  20. McGetrick, P.J., Gonzalez, A. and OBrien, E.J. (2009), "Theoretical investigation of the use of a moving vehicle to identify bridge dynamic parameters", Insight, 51(8), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2009.51.8.433
  21. Wenzel, H. and Pichler, P. (2005), Ambient vibration monitoring, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England.
  22. Yang, Y.B. and Chang, K.C. (2009), "Extraction of bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle enhanced by the EMD technique", J. Sound Vib., 322(4-5), 718-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2008.11.028
  23. Yang, Y.B., Lin, C.W. and Yau, J.D. (2004), "Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle", J. Sound Vib., 272(3-5), 471-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00378-X
  24. Yang, Y.B. and Lin, C.W. (2005), "Vehicle-bridge interaction dynamics and potential applications", J. Sound Vib., 284(1-2), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.06.032
  25. Yang, Y.B. and Yau, J.D. (1997), "Vehicle-bridge interaction element for dynamic analysis", J. Struct. Eng. - ASCE, 123(11), 1512-1518. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:11(1512)
  26. Yang, Y.B., Yau, J.D. and Wu, Y.S. (2004), Vehicle-bridge interaction dynamics: with applications to high-speed railways, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore.
  27. Yin, S.H. and Tang, C.Y. (2011), "Identifying cable tension loss and deck damage in a cable-stayed bridge using a moving vehicle", J. Vib. Acoust., 133(2), 021007. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002128
  28. Zhang, Y., Wang, L. and Xiang, Z. (2012), "Damage detection by mode shape squares extracted from a passing vehicle", J. Sound Vib., 331(2), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2011.09.004

Cited by

  1. A Review of Indirect Bridge Monitoring Using Passing Vehicles vol.2015, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/286139
  2. Characterization of non-stationary properties of vehicle–bridge response for structural health monitoring vol.9, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814017699141
  3. Contact-Point Response for Modal Identification of Bridges by a Moving Test Vehicle 2017, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455418500736
  4. Identifying Mode Shapes of Girder Bridges Using Dynamic Responses Extracted from a Moving Vehicle Under Impact Excitation vol.17, pp.08, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1142/S021945541750081X
  5. On the use of a passing vehicle for the estimation of bridge mode shapes vol.397, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2017.02.051
  6. Structural Health Monitoring Based on Vehicle-Bridge Interaction: Accomplishments and Challenges vol.18, pp.12, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.18.12.1999
  7. State-of-the-Art Review on Modal Identification and Damage Detection of Bridges by Moving Test Vehicles vol.18, pp.02, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455418500256
  8. Wave Number-Based Technique for Detecting Slope Discontinuity in Simple Beams Using Moving Test Vehicle vol.17, pp.06, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455417500602
  9. Damage Detection Using Improved Direct Stiffness Calculations — A Case Study vol.16, pp.01, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455416400022
  10. A discussion on the merits and limitations of using drive-by monitoring to detect localised damage in a bridge vol.90, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.12.012
  11. Extraction of Bridge Frequencies from a Moving Test Vehicle by Stochastic Subspace Identification vol.21, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000792
  12. A mode shape-based damage detection approach using laser measurement from a vehicle crossing a simply supported bridge vol.23, pp.10, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1841
  13. Identification of bridge mode shapes using Short Time Frequency Domain Decomposition of the responses measured in a passing vehicle vol.81, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.007
  14. “Drive-by’’ bridge frequency-based monitoring utilizing wavelet transform vol.7, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-017-0246-3
  15. Application of empirical mode decomposition to drive-by bridge damage detection vol.61, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2016.09.009
  16. Drive-by bridge damage monitoring using Bridge Displacement Profile Difference vol.6, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-016-0203-6
  17. Structural Damage Identification of Bridges from Passing Test Vehicles vol.18, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/s18114035
  18. Mass normalized mode shape identification of bridge structures using a single actuator-sensor pair vol.25, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2244
  19. Mass-normalized mode shape identification method for bridge structures using parking vehicle-induced frequency change vol.25, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2174
  20. The Feasibility of Using Laser Doppler Vibrometer Measurements from a Passing Vehicle for Bridge Damage Detection vol.2018, pp.1875-9203, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9385171
  21. Distributed Strain Damage Identification Technique for Long-Span Bridges Under Ambient Excitation vol.18, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1142/S021945541850133X
  22. Further Revelation on Damage Detection by IAS Computed from the Contact-Point Response of a Moving Vehicle vol.18, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455418501377
  23. Extraction of mode shapes of beam-like structures from the dynamic response of a moving mass pp.1614-3116, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-018-0831-7
  24. Structural damage identification based on gray cloud rule generator algorithm vol.11, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814018819904
  25. Damage localization of beam structures using mode shape extracted from moving vehicle response vol.121, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.02.066
  26. Identification of plastic deformations and parameters of nonlinear single-bay frames vol.22, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.315
  27. Bridge Surface Roughness Identification Based on Vehicle-Bridge Interaction vol.19, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1142/s021945541950069x
  28. Extraction of Bridge Modal Parameters Using Passing Vehicle Response vol.24, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001477
  29. A Machine Learning Approach to Bridge-Damage Detection Using Responses Measured on a Passing Vehicle vol.19, pp.18, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19184035
  30. Extracting Mode Shapes for Beams Through a Passing Auxiliary Mass vol.141, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4043542
  31. A crowdsourcing-based methodology using smartphones for bridge health monitoring vol.18, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921718815457
  32. Detection of Damaged Supports Under Railway Track Using Dynamic Response of a Passing Vehicle vol.19, pp.10, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419501177
  33. The Use of Mode Shape Estimated from a Passing Vehicle for Structural Damage Localization and Quantification vol.19, pp.10, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419501244
  34. State-of-the-Art of Vehicle-Based Methods for Detecting Various Properties of Highway Bridges and Railway Tracks vol.20, pp.13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420410047
  35. Frequency Estimation on Two-Span Continuous Bridges Using Dynamic Responses of Passing Vehicles vol.146, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001698
  36. Feasibility Study of Tractor-Test Vehicle Technique for Practical Structural Condition Assessment of Beam-Like Bridge Deck vol.12, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010114
  37. Hilbert transform based approach to improve extraction of "drive-by" bridge frequency vol.25, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.3.265
  38. Time-varying characteristics of bridges under the passage of vehicles using synchroextracting transform vol.140, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.106727
  39. Vehicle-Assisted Techniques for Health Monitoring of Bridges vol.20, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123460
  40. Extraction of bridge information based on the double-pass double-vehicle technique vol.25, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.6.679
  41. Bridge frequency estimation strategies using smartphones vol.10, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-020-00399-z
  42. Determination of road profile using multiple passing vehicle measurements vol.16, pp.9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1703757
  43. Two-axle test vehicle for damage detection for railway tracks modeled as simply supported beams with elastic foundation vol.219, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110908
  44. Drive-by-bridge inspection for damage identification in a cable-stayed bridge: Numerical investigations vol.223, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110891
  45. Bending Stiffness Identification of Simply Supported Girders using an Instrumented Vehicle: Full Scale Tests, Sensitivity Analysis, and Discussion vol.26, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001654
  46. Possibility of Bridge Inspection through Drive-By Vehicles vol.11, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010069
  47. Experimental Estimation of the Elastic Modulus of Concrete Girders from Drive-By Inspections with Force-Balance Accelerometers vol.2021, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1617526
  48. Residual Mode Vector-Based Structural Damage Identification with First-Order Modal Information vol.2021, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526171
  49. The Way Forward for Indirect Structural Health Monitoring (iSHM) Using Connected and Automated Vehicles in Europe vol.6, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030043
  50. Time-Varying Parameter Identification of Bridges Subject to Moving Vehicles Using Ridge Extraction Based on Empirical Wavelet Transform vol.21, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421500462
  51. Using a Single-DOF Test Vehicle to Simultaneously Retrieve the First Few Frequencies and Damping Ratios of the Bridge vol.21, pp.8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1142/s021945542150108x
  52. FEM Free Damage Detection of Beam Structures Using the Deflections Estimated by Modal Flexibility Matrix vol.21, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421501285
  53. Numerical Parametric Study on the Effectiveness of the Contact-Point Response of a Stationary Vehicle for Bridge Health Monitoring vol.11, pp.15, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157028
  54. Damped test vehicle for scanning bridge frequencies: Theory, simulation and experiment vol.506, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2021.116155
  55. Transmissibility performance assessment for drive-by bridge inspection vol.242, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112485
  56. A Drive-By Frequency Identification Method for Simply Supported Railway Bridges Using Dynamic Responses of Passing Two-Axle Vehicles vol.26, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001782
  57. Extracting mode shapes from drive-by measurements to detect global and local damage in bridges vol.17, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1817105
  58. Contact Residue for Simultaneous Removal of Vehicle’s Frequency and Surface Roughness in Scanning Bridge Frequencies Using Two Connected Vehicles vol.21, pp.13, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421710061
  59. Iterative reference-driven S-transform time-varying parameter identification for bridges under moving vehicle vol.517, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2021.116477
  60. Detecting Hinge Joint Damage in Hollow Slab Bridges Using Mode Shapes Extracted from Vehicle Response vol.36, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001694
  61. Fundamental mode shape estimation and element stiffness evaluation of girder bridges by using passing tractor-trailers vol.169, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108746