Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy (한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지)

The Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy (한국해양환경•에너지학회)
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Effect Assessment and Derivation of Ecological Effect Guideline on CO2-Induced Acidification for Marine Organisms

이산화탄소 증가로 인한 해수 산성화가 해양생물에 미치는 영향평가 및 생태영향기준 도출

  • 김병모 ((주)네오엔비즈 환경안전연구소) ;
  • 최태섭 ((주)네오엔비즈 환경안전연구소) ;
  • 이정석 ((주)네오엔비즈 환경안전연구소) ;
  • 박영규 (한국해양과학기술원 해양기후환경연구본부) ;
  • 강성길 (한국해양과학기술원 부설 선박해양플랜트연구소 해양CCS연구단) ;
  • 전의찬 (세종대학교 환경에너지융합학과)
  • Received : 2014.02.03
  • Accepted : 2014.03.26
  • Published : 2014.05.25
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Abstract

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is recognizing one of method responding the climate change with reduction of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. In Korea, due to its geological characteristics, sub-seabed geological $CO_2$ storage is regarded as more practical approach than on-land storage under the goal of its deployment. However, concerns on potential $CO_2$ leakage and relevant acidification issue in the marine environment can be an important subject in recently increasing sub-seabed geological $CO_2$ storage sites. In the present study effect data from literatures were collected in order to conduct an effect assessment of elevated $CO_2$ levels in marine environments using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) various marine organisms such as microbe, crustacean, echinoderm, mollusc and fish. Results from literatures using domestic species were compared to those from foreign literatures to evaluate the reliability of the effect levels of each biological group and end-point. Ecological effect guidelines through estimating level of pH variation (${\delta}pH$) to adversely affect 5 and 50% of tested organisms, HC5 and HC50, were determined using SSD of marine organisms exposed to the $CO_2$-induced acidification. Estimated HC5 as ${\delta}pH$ of 0.137 can be used as only interim quality guideline possibly with adequate assessment factor. In the future, the current interim guideline as HC5 of ${\delta}pH$ in this study will look forward to compensate with supplement of ecotoxicological data reflecting various trophic levels and indigenous species.

이산화탄소 포집 및 저장기술(CCS: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)은 이산화탄소($CO_2$: Carbon dioxide)를 저감하여 기후변화에 대응하는 방법의 하나로 인식되고 있다. 국내에서는 해양지중저장을 통해 $CO_2$의 영구적인 격리를 목표로 연구를 진행하고 있다. 하지만, 이론적으로 안전한 해저 지층구조에 이산화탄소를 저장한다하더라도 CCS 사업과정 또는 중장기적인 지질학적 구조 변형으로 인해 저장된 $CO_2$가 해양환경으로 누출 될 가능성이 존재하기 때문에 CCS 사업 추진과정에서 환경 및 생태계 안전에 대하여 많은 관심을 기울여야한다. 만약에 $CO_2$의 누출이 발생할 경우 일차적으로 해수 및 해양퇴적물 내 공극수의 pH를 낮추게 될 것이며, 이로 인해 해양 생물은 부정적인 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서 해양생태계를 보호하고 안전한 해양지중저장을 위해서는 이산화탄소에 노출된 해양생물의 영향 정도를 파악하고, 정량적인 생태위해성평가를 통해 합리적인 생태영향기준을 마련하는 것이 CCS 기술의 실용화를 위해서 매우 중요한 요소라 할 수 있다. 이러한 배경하에서 본 연구에서는 누출된 $CO_2$로부터 해양생태계 보호를 위한 생태영향기준 마련을 위해 $CO_2$ 노출에 따른 생물영향 자료를 기반으로 종민감도분포(SSD: Species Sensitivity Distribution)를 이용해 해양생물보호를 위한 pH 변화수준(${\delta}pH$)을 추정하여 정량적 생태위해성평가 기반의 잠정기준을 도출하였다. 정량적 생태위해성평가를 위한 생물영향자료는 미생물, 갑각류, 극피동물, 연체동물, 환형동물, 어류 등 다양한 해양생물에 대한 $CO_2$ 노출영향 평가연구자료를 비교 분석하여 확보하였다. 해양생물에 대한 $CO_2$ 노출영향 pH 범위는 6.61~8.22 이었으며, 수집된 자료로부터 무영향관찰농도(NOEC: No Observed Effect Concentrations)를 추정하고 종민감도분포를 이용하여 상위 95%의 생물종을 보호할 수 있는 ${\delta}pH$ 0.137을 추정하였다. 추정된 ${\delta}pH$는 불확실성을 고려하여 평가계수(assessment factor)를 이용하여 보정하거나, 보정없이 생태영향기준(pH 변화수준)으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 다만 본 연구에 활용된 생물영향자료가 국내 서식생물 또는 $CO_2$ 저장후보지의 지역 특이적인 생물에 대한 자료가 충분하지 않아 명확한 안전수준으로 활용되기에는 제한될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 추후 생물영양단계 및 지역특이적으로 서식하는 생물에 대한 충분한 생물영향자료의 보강을 통해 이러한 단점을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Keywords

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