Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry (생물정신의학)

The Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry (대한생물정신의학회)
권호 표지

Thyroid Hormones, Cognitive Impairment, Depression and Subjective Memory Complaint in Community-Dwelling Elders with Questionable Dementia in Korea

일 지역 치매의심 노인군에서 갑상선관련 호르몬, 인지기능, 우울증, 주관적 기억저하의 연관성

  • Lee, Sung Nam (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Konkuk University School of Medicine) ;
  • Jin, Ha Young (Department of Clinical Psychology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital) ;
  • Moon, Seok Woo (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Konkuk University School of Medicine)
  • 이성남 (건국대학교 의학전문대학원 정신건강의학교실) ;
  • 진하영 (순천향대학교 천안병원 정신건강의학과) ;
  • 문석우 (건국대학교 의학전문대학원 정신건강의학교실)
  • Received : 2014.08.25
  • Accepted : 2014.10.13
  • Published : 2014.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives It was the aim to examine the association of the thyroid-related hormones with cognitive function, depression, and subjective memory impairment in community-dwelling elders with questionable dementia. Methods The sample consisted of 399 community residents with 'questionable dementia' aged 60 or over in whom serum thyroid-related hormones [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine] had been assayed. Cognitive impairment was defined using the Korean version of the Consortium Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. Depression was diagnosed using the Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale and subjective memory complaint (SMC) was checked using the subjective memory complaints questionnaire (SMCQ). Age, gender, education, and the presence of apolipoprotein E {\varepsilon}4 were included as covariates. Results There was a significant positive association between verbal fluency test (VFT) score and serum TSH levels (p = 0.01). There was a significant negative association between SMCQ total score and word list memory test (WLMT)(p = 0.002) or word list recall test (WLRT) score (p = 0.013). Conclusions Lower serum TSH levels were associated with semantic memory (VFT), and we found that SMC was associated with episodic memory (WLMT and WLRT) in this sample.

Keywords

References

  1. Reiman EM, Chen K, Alexander GE, Caselli RJ, Bandy D, Osborne D, et al. Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer's dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:284-289. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2635903100
  2. Freemantle E, Vandal M, Tremblay-Mercier J, Tremblay S, Blachere JC, Begin ME, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006;75:213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.011
  3. Kim JM, Stewart R, Kim SY, Bae KY, Yang SJ, Kim SW, et al. Thyroid stimulating hormone, cognitive impairment and depression in an older Korean population. Psychiatry Investig 2010;7:264-269. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2010.7.4.264
  4. de Jongh RT, Lips P, van Schoor NM, Rijs KJ, Deeg DJ, Comijs HC, et al. Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165:545-554. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-11-0430
  5. Begin ME, Langlois MF, Lorrain D, Cunnane SC. Thyroid function and cognition during aging. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2008:474868.
  6. Kalmijn S, Mehta KM, Pols HA, Hofman A, Drexhage HA, Breteler MM. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;53:733-737. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01146.x
  7. Ceresini G, Lauretani F, Maggio M, Ceda GP, Morganti S, Usberti E, et al. Thyroid function abnormalities and cognitive impairment in elderly people: results of the Invecchiare in Chianti study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:89-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02080.x
  8. Roberts LM, Pattison H, Roalfe A, Franklyn J, Wilson S, Hobbs FD, et al. Is subclinical thyroid dysfunction in the elderly associated with depression or cognitive dysfunction? Ann Intern Med 2006;145:573-581. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00006
  9. Gussekloo J, van Exel E, de Craen AJ, Meinders AE, Frolich M, Westendorp RG. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. JAMA 2004;292:2591-2599. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.21.2591
  10. Saxena J, Singh PN, Srivastava U, Siddiqui AQ. A study of thyroid hormones (t(3), t(4) & tsh) in patients of depression. Indian J Psychiatry 2000;42:243-246.
  11. Chueire VB, Romaldini JH, Ward LS. Subclinical hypothyroidism increases the risk for depression in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2007;44:21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2006.02.001
  12. Medici M, Direk N, Visser WE, Korevaar TI, Hofman A, Visser TJ, et al. Thyroid function within the normal range and the risk of depression: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1213-1219. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3589
  13. Kirkegaard C, Faber J. The role of thyroid hormones in depression. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;138:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1380001
  14. Kramer CK, von Muhlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Treated hypothyroidism, cognitive function, and depressed mood in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;161:917-921. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-09-0606
  15. Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Lee KU, Lee DY, Lee JH, Youn JY, et al. Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in Koreans. Neurosci Lett 1999;277:145-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00867-8
  16. Cho MJ, Bae JN, Suh GH, Hahm BJ, Kim JK, Lee DW, et al. Validation of Geriatric Depression Scale, Korean Version (GDS) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1999;38:48-63.
  17. Youn JC, Kim KW, Lee DY, Jhoo JH, Lee SB, Park JH, et al. Development of the Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;27:310-317. https://doi.org/10.1159/000205512
  18. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, Sawin CT, Col NF, Cobin RH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA 2004;291:228-238. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.2.228
  19. Thienpont LM, Van Uytfanghe K, Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Determination of free thyroid hormones. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;27:689-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.012
  20. Grigorova M, Sherwin BB. Thyroid hormones and cognitive functioning in healthy, euthyroid women: a correlational study. Horm Behav 2012;61:617-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.014
  21. van Boxtel MP, Menheere PP, Bekers O, Hogervorst E, Jolles J. Thyroid function, depressed mood, and cognitive performance in older individuals: the Maastricht Aging Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004;29:891-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.002
  22. Thomsen AF, Kvist TK, Andersen PK, Kessing LV. Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism-a register-based study. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:535-543. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01894
  23. Placidi GP, Boldrini M, Patronelli A, Fiore E, Chiovato L, Perugi G, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in thyroid diseased patients. Neuropsychobiology 1998;38:222-225. https://doi.org/10.1159/000026545
  24. Trzepacz PT, McCue M, Klein I, Levey GS, Greenhouse J. A psychiatric and neuropsychological study of patients with untreated Graves' disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1988;10:49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(88)90084-9
  25. Bauer M, Goetz T, Glenn T, Whybrow PC. The thyroid-brain interaction in thyroid disorders and mood disorders. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:1101-1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01774.x
  26. Wu T, Flowers JW, Tudiver F, Wilson JL, Punyasavatsut N. Subclinical thyroid disorders and cognitive performance among adolescents in the United States. BMC Pediatr 2006;6:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-6-12
  27. Latasa MJ, Belandia B, Pascual A. Thyroid hormones regulate betaamyloid gene splicing and protein secretion in neuroblastoma cells. Endocrinology 1998;139:2692-2698. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.6.6033
  28. de Jong FJ, Masaki K, Chen H, Remaley AT, Breteler MM, Petrovitch H, et al. Thyroid function, the risk of dementia and neuropathologic changes: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2009;30: 600-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.019
  29. de Jong FJ, den Heijer T, Visser TJ, de Rijke YB, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, et al. Thyroid hormones, dementia, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2569-2573. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0449
  30. Annerbo S, Kivipelto M, Lokk J. A prospective study on the development of Alzheimer's disease with regard to thyroid-stimulating hormone and homocysteine. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;28: 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1159/000242439
  31. Genziani M, Stewart R, Bejot Y, Amieva H, Artero S, Ritchie K. Subjective memory impairment, objective cognitive functioning and social activity in French older people: findings from the Three Cities study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013;13:139-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00873.x
  32. Juncos-Rabadan O, Pereiro AX, Facal D, Lojo C, Caamano JA, Sueiro J, et al. Prevalence and correlates of mild cognitive impairment in adults aged over 50 years with subjective cognitive complaints in primary care centers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014;14:667-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12157
  33. Lenehan ME, Klekociuk SZ, Summers MJ. Absence of a relationship between subjective memory complaint and objective memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI): is it time to abandon subjective memory complaint as an MCI diagnostic criterion? Int Psychogeriatr 2012;24:1505-1514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000695
  34. Riedel-Heller SG, Matschinger H, Schork A, Angermeyer MC. Do memory complaints indicate the presence of cognitive impairment? Results of a field study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;249: 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004060050087