DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of combined endurance and weight training on muscle morphology and oxidative enzyme activities in human skeletal muscle

복합 운동 훈련이 인간 골격근의 형태학적 변화와 유산소 대사관련 효소 활성에 미치는 영향

  • Lee, Kil-Woo (Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Sam (Research Center for Exercise Sciences, Daegu University) ;
  • Lee, Jang-Kyu (Department of Exercise Prescription and Rehabilitation, Dankook University)
  • 이길우 (한국체육대학교 체육학과) ;
  • 이종삼 (대구대학교 체육과학연구소) ;
  • 이장규 (단국대학교 운동처방재활학과)
  • Received : 2013.12.18
  • Accepted : 2014.01.09
  • Published : 2014.01.31

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of either endurance training only or endurance and weight training on muscle morphology and oxidative enzyme activities in human skeletal muscles. Fourteen healthy males were randomly divided into one of two experimental training groups, either swim exercise training (n=7, ST) or combined exercise training (swim and resistance exercise training; n=7, SWT). The change of muscle fiber type was not significantly different between ST and SWT following 6 weeks of exercise training. Mean cross sectional areas as well as the numbers of capillary of different types of muscle fiber were not also significantly different from baseline for both exercise training groups (p>.05) although the tendency of increase were more notable in SWT. All oxidative enzyme activities (i.e., ${\beta}$-hydroxyl acyl dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase) were marginally higher in SWT compared to ST even though statistical power did not reach the level of significance. Based on these results, it was concluded that performing of combined (swimming and weight) exercise training could be the better modality for improving muscle morphological changes and oxidative enzyme activities than performing of only single aerobic exercise intervention in young healthy human skeletal muscles.

이 연구의 목적은 건강한 남자 14명을 대상자로 단기간의 지구성 훈련과 지구성 운동에 웨이트 운동을 병행한 복합훈련이 골격근 섬유의 형태 및 골격근 내 산화적 효소의 활성도에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 지구성 트레이닝 집단은 최대심박수의 70~80% 에서 40분간 자유형으로 수영을 6주간 실시하였으며 복합 트레이닝 집단은 동일한 수영을 실시한 후 웨이트 트레이닝을 추가로 실시하였다. 근섬유 횡단면적에 있어 복합훈련 집단과 지구성 훈련 집단 간에 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 훈련기간에 따라 복합훈련 집단에서 지구성 훈련 집단보다 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 모세혈관 수에 있어서도 집단 간 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 훈련기간에 따라 복합훈련 집단에서 지구성 훈련 집단보다 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 유산소성 대사 효소 중 CS, ${\beta}$-HAD 그리고 CPT의 활성도는 훈련형태에 따른 차이는 통계적으로 나타나지 않았으나 복합훈련 집단에서 지구성 훈련 집단에서 보다 더 큰 증가의 폭을 나타냈다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합해 볼 때 유산소성 훈련만을 실시할 때 보다 유 무산소 운동이 복합적으로 구성되어 있는 훈련의 수행이 근섬유의 에너지 대사 관련 효소들의 활성도 증가와 근 세포 모세혈관의 발달에 보다 효과적이라는 결론을 도출할 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Chilibeck P. D, Syrotuik D. G, Bell G. J, "The effect of strength training on estimates of mitochondrial density and distribution throughout muscle fibres", Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 80, no 6:604-609, Nov-Dec, 1999. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050641
  2. Holloszy J. O, Coyle E. F, "Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences", J. Appl. Physiol. 56:831-838, Apr, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.56.4.831
  3. Kraniou Y, Cameron-Smith D, Misso M, Collier G, Hargreaves M, "Effects of exercise on GLUT-4 and glycogenin gene expression in human skeletal muscle", J. Appl. Physiol, 88, no 2:794-796, Feb, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.373804
  4. Holloszy J. O, "Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle", J. Biol. Chem, 242:2278-2282, May, 1967.
  5. Holloszy J. O, Booth F. W, "Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in muscle", Annu. Rev. Physiol, 38:273-291, 1976. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.001421
  6. Soar P. K, Davies C. T. M, Fentem P. H, Newsholme E. A, "The effect of endurance training on the maximum activities of hexokinase, 6-phosphofructokinase, citrate synthase, and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in red and white muscles of the rat", Biosci. Rep, 3:831-835, Sep, 1983. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133781
  7. Young J. C, Garthwaite S. M, Bryan J. E, Cartier L. J, Holloszy J. O, "Carbohydrate feeding speeds reversal of enhanced glucose uptake in muscle after exercise", Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integ. Comp. Physiol, 245:R684-R688, Nov, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1983.245.5.R684
  8. Green H. J, Reichmann H, Pette D, "Fiber type specific transformations in the enzyme activity pattern of rat vastus lateralis muscle by prolonged endurance training", Pflugers Arch, 399:216-222, Nov, 1983. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656718
  9. Holloszy J. O, "Biochemical adaptations to exercise: aerobic metabolism", Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev, 1:45-71, 1973. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00003677-197300010-00006
  10. Mole P. A, Oscai L. B, Holloszy J. O, "Adaptation of muscle to exercise. Increase in levels of palmitoyl CoA synthetase, carnitine palmityl transferase, and palmityl CoA dehydrogenase, and in the capacity to oxidize fatty acids", J. Clin. Invest, 50 no 11:2323-2330, Nov, 1971.
  11. Baldwin K. M, Klinkerfuss G. H, Terjung R. L, Mole P. A, Holloszy J. O, "Respiratory capacity of white, red, and intermediate muscle: adaptative response to exercise", Am. J. Physiol, 222, no 2:373-378, Feb, 1972. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009803
  12. Helge J. W, Ayre K, Chaunchaiyakul S, Hulbert A. J, Kiens B, Storlien L. H, "Endurance in high-fat-fed rats: effects of carbohydrate content and fatty acid profile", J Appl Physiol, 85, no 4:1342-8, Oct, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1342
  13. Holloszy J. O, Oscai L. B, Don I. J, Mole P. A, "Mitochondrial citric acid cycle and related enzymes: adaptive response to exercise", Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun, 40 no 6:1368-1373, Sep, 1970. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(70)90017-3
  14. Osman A. A, hancock J, Hunt D. G, Ivy J. L, Mandarino L. J, "Exercise training increases ERK2 activity in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats", J. Appl. Physiol, 90, no 2:454-460, Feb, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.454
  15. Simi B, Sempore B, Mayet M. H, Favier R. J, "Additive effects of training and high-fat diet on energy metabolism during exercise", J. Appl. Physiol, 71, no 1:197-203, Jul, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.197
  16. Saltin B, Gollnick P. D, Skeletal muscle adaptability: Significance for metabolism and performance, In: Handbook of Physiology-skeletal muscle, Edited by L. D. Peachy, Sir Adrian, Am. Physiol. Soc, Bethesda, MD, p.555-631, 1983.
  17. Tesch P. A, Thorsson A, Kaiser P, "Muscle capillary supply and fiber type characteristics in weight and power lifters", J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol, 56 no 1:35-38, Jan, 1984.
  18. MacDougall J. D, Hicks A. L, MacDonald J. R, Mckelvie R. S, Green H. J, Smith K. M, "Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training", J. Appl. Physiol, 84, no 6:2138-2142, Jun, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.368275
  19. Kraemer W. J, Patton J. F, Gordon S. E, Harman E. A, Deschenes M. R, Reynolds K, Newton R. U, Triplett N. T, Dziados J. D, "Compatibility of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and skeletal muscle adaptations", J. Appl. Physiol, 78, no 3:976-989, Mar, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.976
  20. Bell G. J, Syrotuik D, Socha T, MacLean I, Quinney H. A, "Effect of strength training and concurrent strength and endurance training on strength, testosterone and cortisol", J. Strength Cond. Res, Italic :57-64, 1997.
  21. Ahn-Na Y, Kim K. J, "Differences of body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic syndrome's risk factors after 12 week combined exercise program between obese and non-obese middle school students", KAHPERD, 48, no 3:.553-566, May, 2009.
  22. Bae J. C, Kim M. K, Kim S. C, Kim H, "Effects of 16-week combined exercise on body composition, cardiovascular function, and maximal muscle strength in old-old elderly male", Exercise Science, 19, no 4:381-390, 2010. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2010.19.4.381
  23. Bell G. J, Syrotuik D, Martin T. P, Burnham R, Quinney H. A, "Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans", Eur. J. Appl. Physiol, 81, no 5:418-427, Mar, 2000. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050063
  24. Jensen J, Jacobsen S. T, Hetland S, Tveit P, "Effect of combined endurance, strength and sprint training on maximal oxygen uptake isometric strength and sprint performance in female elite handball players during a season", Int. J. Sports Med,. 18, no 5:354-358, Jul, 1997. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972645
  25. Sale D. G, Jacobs I, MacDougall J. D, Gamer S, "Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training", Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 22, no 3:348-356, Jun, 1990. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199006000-00012
  26. Hunter G, Demment R, Miller D, "Development of strength and maximum oxygen uptake during simultaneous training for strength and endurance", J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 27, no 3:269-275, Sep, 1987.
  27. McCarthy J. P, Agre J. C, Graf B. K, Pozniak M. A, Vailas A. C, "Compatibility of adaptive responses with combining strength and endurance training", Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 27, no 3:429-436, Mar, 1995. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199503000-00021
  28. Bergstrom J, "Muscle electrolytes in man", Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest.(Suppl), 68:1-110, 1962.
  29. Brooks M. H, Kaiser K. K, "Three Myosin ATPase systems: The mature of their pH liability and sulfhydryl dependence", J. Histochem Cytochem, 18, no 9:670-672, Sep, 1970. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18.9.670
  30. Andersen P, Henriksson J, "Training induced changes in the subgroups of human type II skeletal muscle fibers", Acta Physiol. Scand, 99, no 1:123-125, Jan, 1977. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb10361.x
  31. Lee J. K, Lee J. S, Park H, Cha Y. S, Yoon C. S, Kim C. K, "Effect of L-carnitine supplementation and aerobic training on FABPc content and beta-HAD activity in human skeletal muscle", Eur J Appl Physiol, 99, no 2:193-9, Jan, 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0333-3
  32. Srere P. A, "Citrate synthase", Methods in Enzymology, 13:3-11, 1968.
  33. Lee J. S, Bruce C. R, Spriet L. L, Hawley J. A, "Interaction of diet and training on endurance performance in rats", Exp Physiol, 86, no 4:499-508, Jul, 2001. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/eph8602158
  34. Adams G. R, Hather B. M, Balwin K. M, Dudley G. A, "Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain composition and resistance training", J. Appl. Physiol,. 74, no 2:911-915, Feb, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.911
  35. Chesley A, MacDougall J. D, Tarnopolsky M. A, Atkinson S. A, Smith K, "Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise", J. Appl. Physiol, 73:1383-1388, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1383
  36. Harridge S. D. R, The contractile system and its adaptation and training, In: Human Muscular Function During Dynamic Exercise, edited by P. Marconnet, B. Saltin, P. Komi, V. Poortmans, Basel: Karger, p.82-94, 1996.
  37. Staron R. S, Karapondo D. L, Kraemer W. J, Fry A. C, Gordon S. E, Falkel J. E, Hagerman F. C, Hikida R. S, "Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women", J. Appl. Physiol, 76, no 3:1247-1255, Mar, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247
  38. Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Hannonen P, Hakkinen A, Airaksinen O, Valkeinen H, Alen M, "Effects of strength training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, maximal electromyographic activity, and serum hormones in premenopausal women with fibromyalgia", J. Rheumato,. 29, no 6:1287-1295, Jun, 2002.
  39. Nader G. A, Hornberger T. A, Esser K. A, "Translational control: implications for skeletal muscle hypertrophy", Clin. Orthop,. 403(Suppl):S178-S187, 2002. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200210001-00021
  40. Hickson R. C, Dvorak, B. A, Gorostiaga E. M, Kurowski T. T, Foster C, "Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance", J. Appl. Physiol, 65, no 5:2285-2290, Nov, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.2285
  41. Ferketich A. K, Kirby T. E, Alway S. E, "Cardiovascular and muscular adaptations to combined endurance and strength training in elderly women", Acta Physiol. Scand, 164 no 3:259-267, Nov, 1998. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.00428.x
  42. Dudley G, Djamil R, "Incompatibility of endurance and strength training modes of exercise", J. Appl. Physiol, 59, no 5:1446-1451, Nov, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1446
  43. Fitts R. H, Brimmer C. J, Heywood-Cooksey A, Timmerman R. J, "Single muscle fiber enzyme shifts with hindlimb suspension and immobilization", Am. J. Physiol, 256(5Pt1): C1082-C1091, May, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.5.C1082