References
- Radad K, Gille G, Liu L, Rausch WD. Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2006;100:175-86. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.CRJ05010X
- Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;58:1685-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00212-9
- Im KS, Chung HY, Park SH, Je NK. Anticancer effect of the hydrolyzed monogluco- ginsenoside of total saponin from ginseng leaf. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1995;19:291-4.
- Li X, Wan HG, Lu DQ, Wei P. Advance of research on antitumour activity of ginsenosides. Chin J Bioprocess Eng 2003;1:13-7.
- Xie JT, Mehendale SR, Li X, Quigg R, Wang X, Wang CZ,WuJA, Aung HH, A Rue P, Bell GI, et al. Anti-diabetic effect of ginsenoside Re in ob/ob mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1740:319-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.10.010
- Shang W, Yang Y, Zhou L, Jiang B, Jin H, Chen M. Ginsenoside Rb1 stimulates glucose uptake through insulin-like signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2008;198:561-9. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-08-0104
- Wang J, Gao WY, Zhang J, Zuo BM, Zhang LM, Huang LZ. Advances in study of ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Acta Physiol Plant 2012;34:397-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0844-3
- Lee TK, Johnke RM, Allison RR, O'Brien KF, Dobbs Jr LJ. Radioprotective potential of ginseng. Mutagenesis 2005;20:237-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gei041
- Saito H, Yoshida Y, Takagi K. Effect of Panax ginseng root on exhaustive exercise in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1974;24:119-27. https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.24.119
- Gillis CN. Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link? Biochem Pharmacol 1997;54:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00193-7
- Fuzzati N. Analysis methods of ginsenosides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004;812:119-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.039
- Lu JM, Yao Q, Chen C. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009;7:293-302. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016109788340767
- Xie JT, Wang CZ, Wang AB, Wu J, Basila D, Yuan CS. Antihyperglycemic effects of total ginsenosides from leaves and stem of Panax ginseng. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005;26:1104-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00156.x
- Tung NH, Song GY, Park YJ, Kim YH. Two new dammarane-type saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009;57:1412-4. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.57.1412
- Peng D, Wang H, Qu C, Xie L, Wicks SM, Xie J. Ginsenoside Re: its chemistry, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Chin Med 2012;7:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-7-2
- Kim MW, Ko SR, Choi KJ, Kim SC. Distribution of saponin in various sections of Panax ginseng root and changes of its contents according to root age. Korean J Ginseng Sci 1987;11:10-6.
- Zhang Z, Xu K, Ren Y. Effect of light intensity on content of soluble sugar, starch and ginseng saponin in ginseng plant. J Jilin Agric Univ 1994;16:15-7.
- Parmenter G, Littlejohn R. Effect of shade on growth and photosynthesis of Panax ginseng. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 2000;28:255-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1997.9514147
- Kim GS, Lee SE, Noh HJ, Kwon H, Lee SW, Kim SY, Kim YB. Effects of natural bioactive products on the growth and ginsenoside contents of Panax ginseng cultured in an aeroponic system. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:430-41. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.430
- Kim GS, Hyun DY, Kim YO, Lee SE, Kwon H, Cha SW, Park CB, Kim YB. Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts of Panax ginseng cultured by hydroponics. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 2010;28:216-26.
- Shi W, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang H, Ding L. Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts and ages of Panax ginseng. Food Chem 2007;102:664-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.053
- Kim YK, Yoo DS, Xu H, Park NI, Kim HH, Choi JE, Park SU. Ginsenoside content of berries and roots of three typical Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) cultivars. Nat Prod Commun 2009;4:903-6.
- Ko SK, Bae HM, Cho OS, Im BO, Chung SH, Lee BY. Analysis of ginsenoside composition of ginseng berry and seed. Food Sci Biotechnol 2008;17:1379-82.
- Park EK, Choo MK, Han MJ, Kim DH. Ginsenoside Rh1 possesses antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;133:113-20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000076383
- Han JH, Park SJ, Ahn CN, Wee JJ, Kim KY, Park SH. Nutritional composition, ginsenoside content and fundamental safety evaluation with leaf and stem extract of Panax ginseng. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2004;33:778-84. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.5.778
- Ko SK, Kim YS, Kim YY, Kim JK, Mok SK, Park JD, Shin CG, Im BO, Chung JH, Chung HB, et al. The understand of Korean ginseng. Seoul: Chung-Ang University Press; 2005.
- Attele AS, Zhou YP, Xie JT, Wu JA, Zhang L, Dey L, Pugh W, Rue PA, Polonsky KS, Yuan CS. Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes 2002;51:1851-8. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1851
- Yokota S, Onohara Y, Shoyama Y. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic localization of medicinal substance, Rb1, in several plant parts of Panax ginseng. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2011;8:51-9. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016311794519938
- Yu SH, Huang HY, Korivi M, Hsu MF, Huang CY, Hou CW, Chen CY, Kao CL, Lee RP, Lee SD, et al. Oral Rg1 supplementation strengthens antioxidant defense system against exercise-induced oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscles. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012;9:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-23
- Cheng Y, Shen LH, Zhang JT. Anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 and its mechanism of action. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005;26: 143-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00034.x
- Wu JY, Gardner BH, Murphy CI, Seals JR, Kensil CR, Recchia J, Beltz GA, Newman GW, Newman MJ. Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine. J Immunol 1992;148:1519-25.
- Liu WK, Xu SX, Che CT. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sci 2000;67:1297-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00720-7
- Nakajima S, Uchiyama Y, Yoshida K, Mizukawa H, Haruki E. The effects of ginseng radix rubra on human vascular endothelial cells. Am J Chin Med 1998;26:365-73. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X98000403
- Yue PY, Mak NK, Cheng YK, Leung KW, Ng TB, Fan DT, Yeung HW, Wong RN. Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions of ginseng: anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides. Chin Med 2007;2:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-2-6
- Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sato K, Saiki I, Tono-oka S, Samukawa K, Azuma I. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside- Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol Pharm Bull 1995;18:1197-202. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.18.1197
- Sato K, Mochizuki M, Saiki I, Yoo YC, Samukawa K, Azuma I. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by a saponin of Panax ginseng, ginsenoside- Rb2. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17:635-9. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.17.635
- Osbourn AE. Preformed antimicrobial compounds and plant defense against fungal attack. Plant Cell 1996;8:1821-31. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.10.1821
- Zhang AH, Lei FJ, Fang SW, Jia MH, Zhang LX. Effects of ginsenosides on the growth and activity of antioxidant enzymes in American ginseng seedlings. J Med Plants Res 2011;5:3217-23.
Cited by
- Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives vol.49, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2014.953628
- Sphingomonas panacis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of rusty ginseng vol.108, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-015-0527-y
- The extracts from Panax quinquefolium shoots derived from somatic embryos accumulate ginsenosides and have the antioxidant properties vol.51, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-015-9730-9
- A Novel Korean Red Ginseng Compound Gintonin Inhibited Inflammation by MAPK and NF- κ B Pathways and Recovered the Levels of mir-34a and mir-93 in RAW 264.7 Cells vol.2015, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/624132
- Comprehensive analysis of Panax ginseng root transcriptomes vol.15, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0527-0
- Validation of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis in Panax ginseng vol.6, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01259
- Subtractive transcriptome analysis of leaf and rhizome reveals differentially expressed transcripts in Panax sokpayensis vol.16, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-016-0517-9
- Flavobacterium panacis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Panax ginseng vol.109, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-016-0720-7
- Molecular characterization of 5-chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes from Panax ginseng Meyer and their expression analysis during abiotic stresses vol.54, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-016-0189-7
- Different chilling stresses stimulated the accumulation of different types of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng cells vol.38, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2210-y
- Weissella oryzae DC6-facilitated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial potential vol.44, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2015.1064937
- Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants vol.61, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-015-0929-2
- Screening of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes for the Ginsenoside Compound K In Vitro : An Efficient Anti-Cancer Substance Originating from Panax Ginseng vol.11, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147183
- Rh2-enriched Korean Ginseng Ameliorates Chronic Fatigue in a Forced Exercise mouse model vol.37, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.13048/jkm.16023
- Phenylobacterium panacis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of rusty mountain ginseng vol.66, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.001109
- Comparison of Ginsenoside Contents in Different Parts of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) vol.21, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.389
- Pedobacter panacis sp. nov., isolated from Panax ginseng soil vol.110, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-016-0794-2
- Authentication of Panax ginseng from different regions vol.7, pp.88, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09537f
- Molecular characterization and expression analysis of pathogenesis related protein 6 from Panax ginseng vol.53, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1134/s1022795417110060
- OCF can repress tumor metastasis by inhibiting epithelial–mesenchymal transition involved in PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer cells vol.12, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174021
- Cross Interaction Between Ilyonectria mors-panacis Isolates Infecting Korean Ginseng and Ginseng Saponins in Correlation with Their Pathogenicity vol.107, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-16-0210-r
- Enhanced Production of Gypenoside LXXV Using a Novel Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Ginseng-Cultivating Soil Bacteria and Its Anti-Cancer Property vol.22, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22050844
- Anti-Skin-Aging Activity of a Standardized Extract from Panax ginseng Leaves In Vitro and In Human Volunteer vol.4, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics4020018
- Pharmacological importance, characterization and applications of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized by Panax ginseng fresh leaves vol.45, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2016.1243547
- Study on the Correlation between Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity of Seven Key Enzymes and Ginsenoside Content in Ginseng in Over Time in Ji’an, China vol.18, pp.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122682
- Quantitative Analyses of the Functional Constituents in SanYangSam and SanYangSanSam vol.20, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3831/kpi.2017.20.033
- Improvement of biosynthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds by elicitation in adventitious root cultures of Polygonum multiflorum vol.102, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8629-2
- Assessment of radical scavenging, whitening and moisture retention activities of Panax ginseng berry mediated gold nanoparticles as safe and efficient novel cosmetic material vol.46, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1307216
- Microbial bioconversion of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their improved bioactivities vol.34, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1424183
- 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 Induce the Apoptosis and Autophagy in U937 and K562 Cells vol.10, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030328
- Applicability of Sunsik with Cultivated Wild Ginseng Powder as a Beauty Food vol.16, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2017.0176
- Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer vol.23, pp.7, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071824
- Genome and evolution of the shade‐requiring medicinal herb Panax ginseng vol.16, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12926
- Antioxidant and anticancer activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of tubers of Pueraria tuberosa vol.46, pp.suppl3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1489265
- Change in Bitterness, Accumulation of Cucurbitacin B and Expression Patterns of CuB Biosynthesis-related Genes in Melon During Fruit Development vol.88, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.utd-004
- The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance vol.24, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010014
- Biofabrication of streptomycin-conjugated calcium phosphate nanoparticles using red ginseng extract and investigation of their antibacterial potential vol.14, pp.6, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217318
- The content of triterpene saponins and phenolic compounds in American ginseng hairy root extracts and their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties vol.138, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01633-3
- Interspecies hybrids of Panax ginseng Meyer new line 0837 and Panax quinquefolius generated superior F1 hybrids with greater biomass and ginsenoside contents vol.60, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-019-00154-4
- 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 Promotes HeLa Cell Apoptosis by Regulating Autophagy vol.24, pp.20, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203655
- Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on attenuating anti-GBM glomerular nephritis by activating NRF2 signalling vol.47, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2019.1640712
- Study on biosynthesis of ginsenosides in the leaf of Panax ginseng by seasonal flux analysis vol.62, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2019.043
- Gintonin-Enriched Fraction Suppresses Heat Stress-Induced Inflammation through LPA Receptor vol.25, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051019
- Cytotoxic Potential of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles of Lampranthus coccineus Extracts, Metabolic Profiling and Molecular Docking Study vol.5, pp.39, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202002947
- Changes in the Leaf Physiological Characteristics and Tissue-Specific Distribution of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng During Flowering Stage Under Cold Stress vol.9, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.637324
- Spatial protein expression of Panax ginseng by in-depth proteomic analysis for ginsenoside biosynthesis and transportation vol.45, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.009
- Cumulative Production of Bioactive Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and CK from Fermented Black Ginseng Using Novel Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 Strain Isolated from Korean Traditional Food vol.9, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020227
- Knockdown of p62/sequestosome enhances ginsenoside Rh2-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer HeLa cells with no effect on autophagy vol.85, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab019
- Exogenous Putrescine Enhances Salt Tolerance and Ginsenosides Content in Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Sprouts vol.10, pp.7, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071313
- Cerium-Promoted Ginsenosides Accumulation by Regulating Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng vol.26, pp.18, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185623
- Growth and bioactive phytochemicals of Panax ginseng sprouts grown in an aeroponic system using plasma-treated water as the nitrogen source vol.11, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82487-8
- Ginsenosides accumulation and related genes expression in different underground parts of Panax notoginseng during maturation stage vol.175, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114228
- Microbiomes across root compartments are shaped by inoculation with a fungal biological control agent vol.170, pp.None, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104230