DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Emotional Connection with Parents, Social Support, and Isolation on Unmarried Mothers' Child-Rearing Efficacy

부모와의 정서적 유대감과 사회적 지지 및 소외감이 미혼모의 자녀 양육효능감에 미치는 영향

  • Received : 2014.09.15
  • Accepted : 2014.12.16
  • Published : 2014.12.31

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of emotional connection with parents, social support, and isolation on unmarried mothers' child-rearing efficacy. The subjects of this study were 194 unmarried mothers. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, and Pearson's correlation using the SPSS 12.0 program. The test of the theoretical model was performed with an analysis of the correlational matrix in the AMOS 7.0 package for path analysis. The results of this study were as follows: First, the number of adult unmarried mothers was higher than that of teen mothers. Most unmarried mothers had a in low monthly income-, were unemployed, and received economic assistance from the government or social welfare institutions as a major source of their income. Their decision to have a child were for the following reason: the desire to have a child, fear of having an abortion, belief that abortion is a crime, and uncertainty about which decision to make, etc. Second, the women's emotional connection with their parents had a direct effect on social support. Social support had a direct effect on isolation:,- however, it did not have a direct effect on parenting efficacy. Third, the women's emotional connection with their parents had a direct effect on isolation. Isolation had a direct effect on parenting efficacy. Fourth, social support mediated by the women's emotional connection with their parents had an indirect effect on isolation and child-rearing efficacy. Isolation mediated the women's emotional connection with their parents and had an indirect effect on child-rearing efficacy.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, J. J., & Kim, J. H. (2004). The effect of social relationship on unmarried mother's self-esteem. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 56(3), 61-87.
  2. An, S. O. (2005). Family system and adolescents' loneliness. Unpublished master's thesis. Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea.
  3. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman and Company.
  4. Barnes, C. R., & Adamson-Macedo, E. N. (2007). Perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMP S-E) tool: Development and validation with mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(5), 550-560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04445.x
  5. Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129836
  6. Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  7. Bowen, E. D. (1979). Imaginary audience behaviour in children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 15, 33-44.
  8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: VoL 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Boob.
  9. Bryanton, J., Gagnon, A. J, Hatem, M., & Johnson, C. (2008). Predictors of early parenting self-efficacy: Results of a prospective cohort study. Nursing Research, 57(4), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000313490.56788.cd
  10. Bryanton, J., Gagnon, A. J., Johnston, C., & Hatem, M. (2008). Predictors of women's perceptions of the childbirth experience. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 37(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00203.x
  11. Choe, H. S. (2002). Effects of mother's perceived social support, stress, and child's temperament on mother's parenting self-efficacy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Korea University, Seoul. Korea.
  12. Claes, L., Vertommen, S., Smits, D., & Bijttebier, P. (2009). Emotional reactivity and self-regulation in relation to personality disorders. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 948-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.027
  13. Cochran, M., & Niego, S. (1995). Parenting and social networks. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting, Vol. 3: Status and social conditions of parenting (pp. 3-418). Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  14. Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 99-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x
  15. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18(1), 47-85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448
  16. Connolly, J., Heifetz, M., & Bohr, Y. (2012). Pregnancy and motherhood among adolescent girls in child protective services: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 6(5), 614-635. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2012.723970
  17. Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R. (1986). Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: A mediational model of postpartum depression. Child Development, 57(6), 1507-1518. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130428
  18. Do, H. S. (1996). The relationship of shyness, interpersonal adjustment, and peer acceptance to loneliness in children. The Korean Journal of Child Studies, 17(2), 33-45.
  19. Drake, E. E., Humenick, S. S., Amankwaa, L., Younger, J., & Roux, G. (2007). Predictors of maternal responsiveness. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00156.x
  20. Elek, S. M., Hudson, D. B., & Bouffard, C. (2003). Marital and parenting satisfaction and infant care selfefficacy during the transition to parenthood: The effect of infant sex. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 26(1), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01460860390183065
  21. Gee, C. B., & Rhodes, J. E. (2008). A social support and social strain measure for minority adolescent mothers: A confirmatory factor analytic study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34(1), 87-97.
  22. Heller, K., & Swindle, R. W. (1983). Social networks, perceived social support. In R. D. Felner, L. A. Jason., J. Moritsugu., & S. S. Farber (Eds.), Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice in community intervention (pp. 87-103). Pergamon Press.
  23. Jackson, A. P., & Scheines, R. (2005). Single mothers' self-efficacy, parenting in the home environment, and children's development in a two-wave study. Social Work Research, 29(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/29.1.7
  24. Jackson, A. P., Brooks, G. J., Huang, C., & Glassman, M. (2000). Single mothers in low wage jobs: Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes. Child Development, 71(5), 1409-1423. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00236
  25. Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1802_8
  26. Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
  27. Junttila, N., Vauras, M., & Laakkonen, E. (2007). The role of parenting self-efficacy in childrens social and academic behavior. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173688
  28. Kang, W. S., & Yoo, A. J. (2000). The relationship between the perceived father's/mother's values, father/mother-student emotional intimacy & father's/mother's over-control and university student's alienation. Family and Environment Research, 38(8), 69-84.
  29. Kendall, S., & Bloomfield, L. (2005). Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting self-efficacy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(2), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03479.x
  30. Kim, D. H., & Lee, K. E. (2009). The study on path analysis for parenting efficacy of married immigrant women at multi-culture family. Journal of Family Relations, 14(2), 77-98.
  31. Kim, H. J. (2003). The relationship between parenting stress, social support and child's social development. Unpublished master's thesis. Graduate School of Education Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea.
  32. Kim, H. Y., Sun, B. Y., Kim, E. Y., & Jung, J. H. (2009). Unwed mother's life world and policy agenda. Korean Women's Development Institute, 2009(10), 113-115.
  33. Kim, J. M. (2006). Loneliness of adolescents according to affectionate relationship with parents and quality of peer relationship. Unpublished master's thesis. Catholic University, Gyeonggi, Korea.
  34. Kim, J. U. (2007). Effects of social support and self-esteem on adolescents' loneliness. Unpublished master's thesis. Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea.
  35. Kim, J. U., & Kim, Y. H. (2009). Effects of social support and self-esteem on adolescents' loneliness. The Korea Journal of Counseling, 10(4), 2287-2301. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.10.4.200912.2287
  36. Kim, K. E. (2011). Maternal depression, parental efficacy, and involvement in play and children's social and emotional competence. The Korean Journal of Human Development, 18(4), 1-17.
  37. Korean Women's Development Institute. (2009). Policy issues and intervention strategies for unmarried mothers. Korean Women's Development Institute.
  38. Korean Women's Development Institute. (2010). The 60th Women Policy Forum: Welfare services and intervention for unmarried women. Korean Women's Development Institute.
  39. Leahy-Warren, P., McCarthy, G., & Corcoran, P. (2011). Postnatal depression in first-time mothers: Prevalence and relationships between functional and structural social support at 6 and 12 weeks postpartum. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25(3), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2010.08.005
  40. Lee, M. J. (2010). Intervention strategies of welfare service and support for unmarried women. Sociological Conference for the Korean Sociological Association, 2010(12), 1291-1301.
  41. Lee, M. J. (2012). Policy issues for unmarried mother's child-rearing and self-supporting service. Korean Women's Development Institute, 1, 1-22.
  42. Metzler, C. W., Biglan, A., Ary, D. V., & Li, F. (1998). The stability and validity of early adolescents' reports of parenting constructs. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(4), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.12.4.600
  43. Miller, B. C., McCoy, J. K., Olson, T. D., & Wallace, C. M. (1986). Parental discipline and control attempts in relation to adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(3), 503-512. https://doi.org/10.2307/352036
  44. Min, H. Y. (2008). The influence of income and emotional closeness with father/mother on middle and high school-adolescent's alienation. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 17(6), 1105-1114. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2008.17.6.1105
  45. Montigny, F., & Lacharite, C. (2005). Perceived parental efficacy: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03302.x
  46. Moon, J. S. (2013). Effects of emotional connection with parents, social support, and isolation on unmarried mothers' child-rearing efficacy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Korea.
  47. Moon, Y. K., & Min, H. S. (2012). The effects of infant's temperament, development, mother's parenting stress and social support on infant mother's selfefficacy. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 21(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2012.21.1.59
  48. Ngai, F. W., Chan, S. W. C., & Holroyd, E. (2007). Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the parenting sense of competence scale in Chinese mothers. Nursing Research, 56(5), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000289499.99542.94
  49. Niditch, L. A., & Varela, R. E. (2012). Perceptions of parenting, emotional self-efficacy, and anxiety in youth: Test of a mediational model. In Child & Youth Care Forum, 41(1), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-011-9150-x
  50. O'Neil, J., Wilson, M. N., Shaw, D. S., & Dishion, T. J. (2009). The relationship between parental efficacy and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample of low income mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18(6), 643-652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9265-y
  51. Park, J. W. (1985). A study to development a scale of social support. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
  52. Pederson, P. V., Christensen, A. I., Hesse, U., & Curtis, T. (2008). Health survey of socially excluded people in Denmark 2007(SUSY UDSAT- Sundhedsprofil for socialt udsatte I Danmark 2007). Copenhagin, Denmark: The Council for Socially Marginalized People. Pediatric Nursing, 26, 45-57.
  53. Radey, M., & Brewster, K. (2013). Predictors of stability and change in private safety nets of unmarried mothers. Journal of Social Service Research, 39(3), 397-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2013.775090
  54. Reece, S. M., & Harkless, G. (1998). Self-efficacy, stress, and parental adaptation: Applications to the care of childbearing families. Journal of Family Nursing, 4(2), 198-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/107484079800400206
  55. Rokach, A. (2005). Private lives in public places: Loneliness of the homeless. Social Indicators Research, 72(1), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-4590-4
  56. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
  57. Salonen, J. T., Choi, A. L., Weihe, P., Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Jorgensen, P. J., Tuomainen, T. P., & Grandjean, P. (2009). Methylmercury exposure and adverse cardiovascular effects in faroese whaling men. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(3), 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11608
  58. Sanders, M. R., & Woolley, M. L. (2005). The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices: Implications for parent training. Child: Care, Health and Development, 31(1), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00487.x
  59. Sevigny, P. R., & Loutzenhiser, L. (2009). Predictors of parenting self-efficacy in mothers and fathers of toddlers. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(2), 179-189.
  60. Simons, R. L., Beaman, J., Conger, R. D., & Chao, W. (1993). Childhood experience, conceptions of parenting, and attitudes of spouse as determinants of parental behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(2), 385-398. https://doi.org/10.2307/352809
  61. Song, K. S. (2012). Current situations of single mother and improvement plans for welfare policies. Unpublished master's thesis. Graduate School of Public Administration Gaya University, Gyeongnam, Korea.
  62. Song, M. H., Song, Y. S., & Kim, Y. J. (2007). The effects of parenting stress and social support on parenting self-efficacy in early childhood mothers. The Journal of Korean Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 12(5), 165-183.
  63. Stewart, M., Reutter, L., Letourneau, N., & Makwarimba, E. (2009). A support intervention to promote health and coping among homeless youths. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 41(2), 54-77.
  64. Suzuki, S. (2010). The effects of marital support, social network support, and parenting stress on parenting: Self-efficacy among mothers of young children in Japan. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(1), 40-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X09345506
  65. Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: Mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62(5), 918-929. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131143
  66. Tsou, L. M. (2010). The relation of childhood memories and husband support to parenting self-efficacy in Japanese mothers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
  67. Whittaker, K. A., & Cowley, S. (2012). A survey of parental self-efficacy experiences: Maximising potential through health visiting and universal parenting support. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(21-22), 3276-3286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04074.x
  68. Withmom. (2014). August 20, 2014, Retrieved from http://withmom.mogef.go.kr/
  69. Woody, D., & Woody, D. J. (2007). The significance of social support on parenting among a group of single, low-income, african american mothers. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v15n02_11
  70. Yoon, M. K. (1998). A study on the children's friendship and friendship quality according to peer acceptance. Unpublished master's thesis. Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.