The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics

The Korean Academy of Prosthodonitics (대한치과보철학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Annealing of Co-Cr dental alloy: effects on nanostructure and Rockwell hardness

  • Ayyildiz, Simel (Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Health Sciences Center, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Soylu, Elif Hilal (Department of Physics, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science and Literature) ;
  • ide, Semra (Department of Physics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University) ;
  • Kilic, Selim (Department of Public Health, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Sipahi, Cumhur (Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Health Sciences Center, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Piskin, Bulent (Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Health Sciences Center, Gulhane Military Medical Academy) ;
  • Gokce, Hasan Suat (Dental Health Service, Beytepe Military Hospital)
  • Received : 2013.06.20
  • Accepted : 2013.11.17
  • Published : 2013.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of annealing on the nanostructure and hardness of Co-Cr metal ceramic samples that were fabricated with a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five groups of Co-Cr dental alloy samples were manufactured in a rectangular form measuring $4{\times}2{\times}2$ mm. Samples fabricated by a conventional casting technique (Group I) and prefabricated milling blanks (Group II) were examined as conventional technique groups. The DMLS samples were randomly divided into three groups as not annealed (Group III), annealed in argon atmosphere (Group IV), or annealed in oxygen atmosphere (Group V). The nanostructure was examined with the small-angle X-ray scattering method. The Rockwell hardness test was used to measure the hardness changes in each group, and the means and standard deviations were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA for comparison of continuous variables and Tukey's HSD test was used for post hoc analysis. P values of <.05 were accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS. The general nanostructures of the samples were composed of small spherical entities stacked atop one another in dendritic form. All groups also displayed different hardness values depending on the manufacturing technique. The annealing procedure and environment directly affected both the nanostructure and hardness of the Co-Cr alloy. Group III exhibited a non-homogeneous structure and increased hardness ($48.16{\pm}3.02$ HRC) because the annealing process was incomplete and the inner stress was not relieved. Annealing in argon atmosphere of Group IV not only relieved the inner stresses but also decreased the hardness ($27.40{\pm}3.98$ HRC). The results of fitting function presented that Group IV was the most homogeneous product as the minimum bilayer thickness was measured (7.11 ${\AA}$). CONCLUSION. After the manufacturing with DMLS technique, annealing in argon atmosphere is an essential process for Co-Cr metal ceramic substructures. The dentists should be familiar with the materials that are used in clinic for prosthodontics treatments.

Keywords

References

  1. Wataha JC. Biocompatibility of dental casting alloys: a review. J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:223-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(00)80016-5
  2. Pretti M, Hilgert E, Bottino MA, Avelar RP. Evaluation of the shear bond strength of the union between two CoCralloys and a dental ceramic. J Appl Oral Sci 2004;12:280-4.
  3. Grimaudo NJ. Biocompatibility of nickel and cobalt dental alloys. Gen Dent 2001;49:498-503.
  4. Dobrzański LA, Reimann L. Influence of Cr and Co on hardness and corrosion resistance CoCrMo alloys used on dentures. J Achieve Mater Manuf Eng 2011;49:193-9.
  5. Karpuschewski B, Pieper HJ, Krause M, Döring J. In: Schuh G, Neugebauer R, Uhlmann E, eds. Future trends in production engineering (Proceedings of the first conference of the German Academic Society for production engineering. Berlin, Germany, 8th-9th June 2011, 1st ed. Springer, New York; 2013.
  6. Fasbinder D. Using digital technology to enhance restorative dentistry. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2012;33:666-8.
  7. Miyazaki T, Hotta Y, Kunii J, Kuriyama S, Tamaki Y. A review of dental CAD/CAM: current status and future perspectives from 20 years of experience. Dent Mater J 2009;28: 44-56. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.28.44
  8. Aboushelib MN, Elmahy WA, Ghazy MH. Internal adaptation, marginal accuracy and microleakage of a pressable versus a machinable ceramic laminate veneers. J Dent 2012;40: 670-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.04.019
  9. Figliuzzi M, Mangano F, Mangano C. A novel root analogue dental implant using CT scan and CAD/CAM: selective laser melting technology. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;41:858-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2012.01.014
  10. Jevremovic D, Puskar T, Kosec B, Vukelic D, Budak I, Aleksandrovic S, Egbeer D, Williams R. The analysis of the mechanical properties of F75 Co-Cr alloy for use in selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing of removable partial dentures (RPD). Metal 2012;51:171-4.
  11. Hollander DA, von Walter M, Wirtz T, Sellei R, Schmidt- Rohlfing B, Paar O, Erli HJ. Structural, mechanical and in vitro characterization of individually structured Ti-6Al-4V produced by direct laser forming. Biomaterials 2006;27:955-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.041
  12. Rodrigues WC, Broilo LR, Schaeffer L, Knörnschild G, Espinoza FRM. Powder metallurgical processing of Co- 28%Cr-6%Mo for dental implants: Physical, mechanical and electrochemical properties. Powder Tech 2011;206:233-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.09.024
  13. Bauer JR, Grande RH, Rodrigues-Filho LE, Pinto MM, Loguercio AD. Does the casting mode influence microstructure, fracture and properties of different metal ceramic alloys? Braz Oral Res 2012;26:190-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242012000300002
  14. Gill P, Munroe N, Pulletikurthi C, Pandya S, Haider W. Effect of Manufacturing Process on the Biocompatibility and Mechanical Properties of Ti-30Ta Alloy. J Mater Eng Perform 2011;20:819-823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-9874-7
  15. Manfredi D, Calignano F, Krishnan M, Canali R, Ambrosio EP, Atzeni E. From powders to dense metal parts: Characterization of a commercial AlSiMg alloy processed through direct metal laser sintering. Materials 2013;6:856-69. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030856
  16. Tandon R. In: Disegi JA, Kennedy RL, Pilliar R, eds. Cobalt Base Alloys for Biomedical Applications ASTM STP 1365. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999.
  17. Bolzoni L, Esteban PG, Ruiz-Navas EM, Gordo E. Mechanical behaviour of pressed and sintered titanium alloys obtained from master alloy addition powders. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012;15:33-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.05.019
  18. Lohfeld S, McHugh PE. Laser sintering for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. Methods Mol Biol 2012;868:303-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-764-4_18
  19. Castillo-de-Oyagüe R, Sánchez-Turrión A, López-Lozano JF, Albaladejo A, Torres-Lagares D, Montero J, Suárez-García MJ. Vertical misfit of laser-sintered and vacuum-cast implantsupported crowncopings luted with definitive and temporary luting agents. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012;17:e610-7.
  20. Traini T, Mangano C, Sammons RL, Mangano F, Macchi A, Piattelli A. Direct laser metal sintering as a new approach to fabrication of an isoelastic functionally graded material for manufacture of porous titanium dental implants. Dent Mater 2008;24:1525-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2008.03.029
  21. Girardin E, Renghini C, Dyson J, Calbucci V, Moroncini F, Albertini G. Characterization of porosity in a laser sintered MMCp using X-ray synchrotron phase contrast microtomography. Mater Sci Appl 2011;2:1322-30.
  22. Gaytan SM, Murr LE, Martinez E, Martinez JL, Machado BI, Ramirez DA, Medina F, Collins S, Wicker RB. Comparison of Microstructures and mechanical properties for solid and mesh cobalt-base alloy prototypes fabricated by electron beam melting. Metall Mater Trans A 2010;41:3216-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0388-y
  23. Chen CL, Tatlock GJ, Jones AR. Effect of annealing temperatures on the secondary re-crystallization of extruded PM2000 steel bar. J Microsc 2009;233:474-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03134.x
  24. Guo WH, Brantley WA, Li D, Clark WA, Monaghan P, Heshmati RH. Annealing study of palladium-silver dental alloys: Vickers hardness measurements and SEM microstructural observations. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007;18:111-8.
  25. Porod G. In: Glatter O, Kratky O, eds. Small angel X-ray scattering. Academic Press Inc, London, UK, 1982.
  26. Martin JE, Hurd AJ. Scattering from fractals. J Appl Crystallogr 1987;20:61-78. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889887087107
  27. EN ISO 18265: 2005, Metallic materials - Conversion of hardness values.
  28. Bezzon OL, Ribeiro RF, Rollo JM, Crosara S. Castability and resistance of ceramometal bonding in Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Be alloys. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:299-304. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2001.113779
  29. Kern M, Thompson VP. Durability of resin bonds to a cobalt- chromium alloy. J Dent 1995;23:47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(95)90660-A
  30. Wataha JC, Lockwood PE. Release of elements from dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium over 10 months. Dent Mater 1998;14:158-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(98)00023-2
  31. Wataha JC, Nelson SK, Lockwood PE. Elemental release from dental casting alloys into biological media with and without protein. Dent Mater 2001;17:409-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(00)00099-3
  32. Liu R, Xi SQ, Kapoor S, Wu XJ. Effects of chemical composition on solidification, microstructure and hardness of Co- Cr-W-Ni and Co-Cr-Mo-Ni alloy systems. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 2010;5:110-22.
  33. Iseri U, Ozkurt Z, Kazazoglu E. Shear bond strengths of veneering porcelain to cast, machined and laser-sintered titanium. Dent Mater J 2011;30:274-80. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-101
  34. ASM Handbook Vol. 4, Heat Treating. ASM International, Ohio, 1991.
  35. Tani T, Udoh K, Yasuda K, Van Tendeloo G, Van Landuyt J. Age-hardening mechanisms in a commercial dental gold alloy containing platinum and palladium. J Dent Res 1991;70: 1350-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345910700100701
  36. Kim HI, Lee DH, Sim JS, Kwon YH, Seol HJ. Age-hardening by miscibility limit of Au-Pt and Ag-Cu systems in an Au- Ag-Cu-Pt alloy. Mater Character 2009;60:357-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.10.001
  37. Nomura N, Abe M, Kawamura A, Fujinuma S, Chiba A, Masahashi N, Hanada S. Fabrication and mechanical properties of porous Co-Cr-Mo alloy compacts without Ni addition. Mater Trans 2006;47:283-6. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.47.283
  38. Telu S, Patra A, Sankaranarayana M, Mitra R, Pabi SK. Microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of W-Cr alloys prepared by sintering of mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline powders. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 2013;36:191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.08.015
  39. Mackert JR Jr, Ringle RD, Fairhurst CW. High-temperature behavior of a Pd-Ag alloy for porcelain. J Dent Res 1983;62: 1229-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345830620121201
  40. McGinley EL, Coleman DC, Moran GP, Fleming GJ. Effects of surface finishing conditions on the biocompatibility of a nickel-chromium dental casting alloy. Dent Mater 2011;27: 637-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.03.004

Cited by

  1. Laser and electron-beam powder-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs vol.34, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23075
  2. Mechanical and interfacial characterization of laser welded Co-Cr alloy with different joint configurations vol.7, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2015.7.1.39
  3. Main factors affecting the structure and properties of titanium and cobalt alloys manufactured by the 3D printing vol.1115, pp.1742-6596, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1115/4/042008
  4. Additive manufacturing of titanium alloys in the biomedical field: processes, properties and applications vol.16, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000371
  5. Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Metal-Ceramic Bond Strength of Co-Cr Dental Alloy Fabricated by Different Manufacturing Processes vol.11, pp.10, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101801
  6. A review of nanostructured surfaces and materials for dental implants: surface coating, patterning and functionalization for improved performance vol.6, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8BM00021B
  7. What is the changing frequency of diamond burs? vol.10, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2018.10.2.93
  8. Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications vol.2, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935926
  9. Investigations of rapid thermal annealing induced structural evolution of ZnO: Ge nanocomposite thin films via GISAXS vol.119, pp.21, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953352
  10. Direct metal laser sintering 방식을 이용하여 제작한 다양한 고정성 보철물 수복 증례 vol.32, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.14368/jdras.2016.32.3.246
  11. Effect of Four Manufacturing Techniques (Casting, Laser Directed Energy Deposition, Milling and Selective Laser Melting) on Microstructural, Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Co-Cr Dental A vol.10, pp.10, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/met10101291
  12. Influence of the post-processing operations on surface integrity of metal components produced by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a review vol.25, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2020.1855649
  13. Dental Co-Cr alloys fabricated by selective laser melting: A review article vol.59, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4047/jkap.2021.59.2.248
  14. 3D printing in biomedical engineering: Processes, materials, and applications vol.8, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0024177
  15. A review on current additive manufacturing technologies and materials used for fabrication of metal-ceramic fixed dental prosthesis vol.35, pp.23, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2021.1899699