Introduction
Because inorganic arsenic is a highly toxic substance and exist in our environment universally, the determination of arsenic has been very important.12 Symptoms of arsenic poisoning begin with headaches, confusion and drowsiness. The final result of arsenic poisoning is coma or death.34 The most arsenic compounds dissolve in water. Thus, arsenic can be found in various kinds of foods. in environment, arsenic mostly exists as As3+ and As5+ forms that has a carcinogenic effect.56 The route of human ingestion of arsenic is mainly through foods, especially seafoods containing high level of arsenic.7 The bioaccumulation of arsenic in seafood has been reported as 0.5-50 mg/kg.89 The Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) suggests a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 15 μg inorganic arsenic per 1 kg body weight10 and recommends that the arsenic level of drinking water and environmental water should not be more than 10 μg/L.11
The toxicity and biological effects of arsenic depend on its chemical species.12 Therefore, both total arsenic and each individual arsenic species should be determined in various samples.1314 Many studies has been devoted to the analysis of the arsenic in various samples so far. Geng et al. determined the arsenic species in marine product samples using solvent extraction-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and digestion-cryogenic trap method.15 Al-Assaf et al. determined four arsenic species in soil by sequential extraction and HPLC with post-column hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) detection.16 Richard Schaeffer et al. determined the arsenic species in seafood by liquid chromatography (photo-oxidation) hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.17 Pasias et al. determined the total arsenic and total inorganic arsenic and inorganic arsenic species in rice and rice flour by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.18 And Leufroy et al. determined seven arsenic species in seafood by ion exchange chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry following microwave assisted extraction.19
It is difficult to determine the arsenic species in samples because the oxidation states of arsenic species changed as a result of the matrix interference of the samples during the process of sample preparation.20-22 In this study, we learned that the matrix interference gave a significant impact on the analysis of the arsenic species in seaweed. The retention times of the arsenic species in the seaweed were different from those in standard solutions when the arsenic chemical species were determined by IC-ICP-AES. Thus, it was difficult to use the chromatographic method for the determination of the arsenic species in seaweed. An alternative method was used to determine the total inorganic arsenic in seaweed.
Experimental
Instrumentation. An ICP-AES (ARCOS, SPECTRO, Germany) was used for the detection of the concentration of total arsenic. Operating condition is shown as Table 1. For the separation of the species in samples, a GP-50 ion chromatography (DIONEX, USA) was used. Instrument setting is summarized in Table 2. A shaker (VS-202D, VISION, Korea), microwave digestion Q4000 (TEKTON, Canada), ultrasonic extractor (POWER SONIC 420, HWASHIN TECH, Korea), centrifuge (SUPRA21K, HANIL SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL, Korea) and rotary evaporator (VV2008, Heidolph, Germany) were used for sample preparation.
Reagents. Arsenic standard stock solutions for the determination of total arsenic and arsenic species were prepared by dissolving the following reagents in water and stored at 5 °C: Sodium metaarsenite, NaAsO2 (≥ 90%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO£¨USA), sodium arsenate, Na2HAsO4·7H2O (≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), disodium methylarsenate (MMA), Na2CH3AsO3·6H2O (97.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), C2H7AsO2 (98%, Sigma-Aldrich). Ultrapure water (18 MΩ/cm) from a water purification system (PURELAB pRO 20 + PURELAB Plus UF, ELGA, USA) was used for the preparation and dilution of the stock solutions, eluents and samples. Pure nitric acid (70%, Sigma-Aldrich) was used to extract total arsenic. Methanol (99.9%) used to extract arsenic species was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Benzene-1,2-disulfonic acid dipotassium salt was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric acid (37%), chloroform (≥ 99.8%), hydrobromic acid (48%) and hydrazine sulphate (≥ 99%) were used to determine the inorganic arsenic were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Table 1.Operating conditions of ICP-AES (SPECTRO, Germany)
Table 2.Operating conditions of IC (DIONEX, USA)
Sample Preparation. The wet seaweed samples were placed on the clean plastic film and dried at room temperature by sunlight. After being dried, those were pulverized to powder using liquid nitrogen. The samples powder were then kept in the refrigerator hermetically.
Results and Discussion
Determination of the Total Arsenic in Seaweed. First of all, an arsenic solution (209 𝜇g/kg arsenic in 1,000 mg/kg Na+ solution) was prepared to investigate the interference of Na+ on the determination of arsenic because the seaweed contains lots of sodium chloride.23 The calibration curve for the determination of total arsenic was obtained using five arsenic standard solutions (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg arsenic in distilled deionized water). The concentration of the total arsenic in the solution was determined by ICP-AES.
The results were shown in the Table 3. It showed no significant interference of Na+ on the determination of arsenic. The theoretical value was 209 𝜇g/kg, and the measured value was 204 ± 3.4 𝜇g/kg (200.6-207.4 𝜇g/kg).
Table 3.Results for arsenic in 1000 mg/kg Na+ solutiona (𝜇g/kg)
Table 4.Results for the concentrations of total arsenic in seaweed
A dried seaweed sample (0.2000 g) was transferred to a 30 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube. Then 10 mL of the extraction solvent (10% HNO3) was added to the tube and the sample was shaken at room temperature for 24 h. After the shaking process, a centrifuge was used to separate the sample from the extraction solvent. The solution was filtered through a 0.2 𝜇m filter and the final volume was made to 30 mL. Then, the total arsenic in the sample was determined by ICP-AES. The results were shown in Table 4. The concentrations of the total arsenic in the sea mustard and sea tangle were found to be much higher than those in the laver and green laver.
Extraction of Arsenic Species using HNO3. The extraction of different arsenic species from the various samples is still complicated and difficult because the integrity of the different species should not be changed during the sample preparation.24 In this study, HNO3 was investigated for the extraction solvent because HNO3 has been generally used for the extraction.2526 A standard solution of 0.5 mg/kg arsenic species (As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA) was prepared by using 3% and 10% HNO3 as solvents to make sure if the different chemical species of arsenic changed in the process of extraction. The solution was injected into IC coupled with the ICP-AES, and the chromatograms were shown in Figure 1. The same solution was also made in the aqueous solution to compare the above chromatogram (Figure 2).
Figure 1.Chromatogram for arsenic species in 3% and 10% HNO3 solution.
Figure 2.Chromatogram for arsenic species in aqueous solution.
From the chromatograms we can find that the arsenic in an aqueous solution could be fully separated while there was only one peak obtained by different arsenics in HNO3 solution. The arsenic species in HNO3 solutions could not be separated. The reasons might be due to the change of the retention times and/or the oxidation states of the arsenic species by the interference of HNO3. This result indicates that HNO3 was not suitable for the extraction of the arsenic species from the seaweed.
Extraction of Arsenic Species using MeOH. MeOH was also investigated for the extraction solvent.2728 A multi solution (0.5 mg/kg As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA) was prepared with solvents of 5%, 10%, 20% and 50% MeOH in water (v/v), respectively. The results were shown in Figure 3. MeOH did not affect the retention time in the column, but the signal intensities of As3+ were enhanced with the MeOH. The enhancement of As3+ might be due to the increase of electron number density by carbons from MeOH in the plasma.
The results showed the MeOH should be removed after the extraction of arsenic species from the sample. Thus, the MeOH was removed after the extraction process by using a rotary evaporator. The enhancement effect was eliminated.
The chromatogram was shown in Figure 4. Thus, in this study, MeOH was used to extract the arsenic species from the seaweed, then the MeOH was removed to reduce the matrix interferences.
Figure 3.Chromatogram for arsenic species in MeOH solution.
Figure 4.Chromatogram for arsenic species after removing MeOH.
The seaweed (sea mustard, laver, green laver and sea tangle) were investigated for the arsenic species. The chromatograms (Figure 5) were obtained from the seaweed. As the results are shown, the retention times for As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA were not clear. There are no peak in the chromatogram of Green Laver and only one peak in those obtained for the Sea Mustard, Laver and Sea Tangle.
Figure 5.Chromatogram for arsenic species (As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA) in the seaweed.
To identify the arsenic species in seaweed, a standard solution of 0.5 mg/kg arsenic species (As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA) was spiked to the green laver, and the sample was pretreated using the same extraction method. The chromatogram was shown in Figure 6. It was still difficult to identify the arsenic species from the Figure 6. Each arsenic species was spiked to the green laver. First, As3+ was spiked, the chromatogram was shown in Figure 7. As the result was shown, the As3+ was not changed. Next, As5+ was spiked. As the chromatogram was shown in Figure 8, the As5+ was partially reduced to As3+. Last, MMA and DMA were spiked to the green laver, separately. The chromatograms were shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10, the retention times of MMA and DMA were changed. The reasons might be due to the complex matrix in the seaweed.
Figure 6.Chromatogram for As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA spiked in the green laver sample.
Figure 7.Chromatogram for As3+ spiked in the green laver sample.
Figure 8.Chromatogram for As5+ spiked in the green laver sample.
Figure 9.Chromatogram for MMA spiked in the green laver sample.
Figure 10.Chromatogram for DMA spiked in the green laver sample.
Alginic acid was investigated for the matrix interference because the seaweed contains lots of alginic acid. A standard solution of 0.5 mg/kg arsenic species (As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA) was prepared using 1% alginic acid. The solution was pretreated using the extraction method for the arsenic species. The chromatogram was shown in Figure 11. As compare with Figure 6 and 11, the similar changes were found from the chromatograms. Thus, the alginic acid might be one of the matrix components in the seaweed that could affect the charge of the arsenic species. The results showed the MeOH extraction method and the chromatographic method was not applicable to seaweed samples for the speciation of arsenic.
Figure 11.Chromatogram for arsenic species (As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA) in the 1% alginic acid solution.
Total Inorganic Arsenic. Another method was examined for the determination of inorganic species in the seaweed samples.29 Ultrapure water (4.1 mL) and concentrated HCl (18.4 mL) were added to the 0.5000 g seaweed samples. The mixture was left overnight. The sample and extraction solvent were separated by using a centrifuge, and then the solution was filtered. HBr (2 mL) and 1.5% (w/v) hydrazine sulphate (1 mL) were added to reduce As5+ to As3+. The inorganic arsenic was extracted into 30 mL of chloroform, then extracted into 20 mL of 1 M HCl.30 The solvent was removed by a rotary evaporator to about 1 mL. The evaporation flask was washed with the ultrapure water. The solution was transferred to a 50 mL falcon tube, and the final volume was made to 20 mL.
We did recovery test for a standard solution of 0.5 mg/kg arsenic species (As3+, As5+, MMA and DMA). The sample solution was pretreated using the method described above. The recovery efficiency was shown as 113%. The seaweed samples were prepared by the pretreatment method. Then, the inorganic arsenic in the seaweed was determined by ICPAES. The results were shown in Table 5. The concentrations of total inorganic arsenic in the sea mustard and sea tangle were higher than those of laver and green laver, and no inorganic arsenic was found in the green laver.
Table 5.Results for the concentrations of inorganic arsenic in seaweed
Conclusion
For the determination of total arsenic, the method (10% HNO3 as extraction solvent + shake for 24 h) was used as a pretreatment method. The concentrations of total arsenic in sea mustard, laver, green laver and sea tangle were 52.1 ± 0.1, 15.6 ± 0.5, 3.62 ± 0.15 and 52.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg, respectively.
For the determination of inorganic arsenic, when HNO3 was used for extraction solvent, the arsenic species could not be separated by the chromatographic method. Thus, HNO3 was not suitable for the extraction solvent. When 50% methanol was used as extraction solvent, the retention times of MMA and DMA were changed, and As5+was partially reduced to As3+. Therefore, methanol could not be used as the extraction solvent for seaweed.
The quantitation of inorganic arsenic in seaweed was carried out by using chloroform and hydrochloric acid as extraction solvent. The concentrations of inorganic arsenic in sea mustard, laver and sea tangle were 2.2 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.1 and 2.9 ± 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. The inorganic arsenic in green laver was not detected.
참고문헌
- Suner, M. A.; Devesa, V.; Munoz, O.; Velez, D.; Montoro, R. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2001, 16, 390-397. https://doi.org/10.1039/b007518n
- B'Hymer, C.; Caruso, J. A. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2002, 25, 639-653. https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-120008817
- Chakraborti, D. et al. Talanta 2002, 58, 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00270-9
- Le, X. C. In Enviromnental Chemistry of Arsenic; Frankenberger, W. T., Jr., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2002; pp 95-116.
- Tetsushi Sakai, Ahilent Technologies 2003, 6, 1-5.
- Infante, H. G.; Campenhout, K. V.; Blust, R.; Adams, F. C. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2002, 17, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1039/b108354f
- Chouchane, S.; Snow, E. T. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2001, 14, 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx000123x
- Cullen, W. R.; Reimer, K. J. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 713-764. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00094a002
- Food safety focus, 10th Issue, 2007.
- Kohlmeyer, U.; Jantzen, E.; Kuballa, J. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 377, 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2064-1
- National Research Council. Arsenic in Drinking Water; National Academy Press: Washinggton, DC, 1999, and 2001 update.
- Yang, G.-D.; Zheng, J.-P.; Huang, H.-X.; Qi, G.-M.; Xu, J.-H.; Fu, F.-F. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2009, 37, 532-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2040(08)60096-1
- McSheehy, S.; Pannier, F.; Szpunar, J.; Potin-Gautier, M.; Lobinski, R. Analyst 2002, 127, 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1039/b108680b
- Moreno, P.; Quijano, M. A.; Gutierrez, A. M.; Perez-Conde, M. C.; Camara, C. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2001, 16, 1044-1050. https://doi.org/10.1039/b102509k
- Wenhua, G.; Rieko, K.; Toshihara, O.; Tsunenori, N. et al. Talanta 2009, 79, 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.03.067
- Khalid, H.; Al-Assaf; Julian, F.; Tyson.; Peter, C.; Uden, Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 18.02.2009.
- Richard, S.; Csilla, S.; Ildiko, I.; Peter, F.; Nikolaos, S.; Thomaidis, Analytical Chimica Acta 2005, 547, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.032
- Ioannis, N.; Pasias, N.-S.; Thomaidis; Efrosini, A.; Piperaki, Microchemical Journal 2013, 108, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2012.11.008
- Axelle, L.; Laurent, N.; Vincent, D.; Diane, B.; Thierry, G. Talanta 2011, 83, 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.10.050
- Nam, S.-H.; Kim, J.-J.; Han, S.-S. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2003, 24, 1805-1808. https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2003.24.12.1805
- Moreno, P.; Quijano, M. A.; Gurierrez, A. M.; Perez-Conde, M. C.; Camara, C. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2001, 16, 1044. https://doi.org/10.1039/b102509k
- Suoer, M. A.; Devesa, V.; Muooz, O.; Velez, D.; Montoro, R. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2001, 16, 390. https://doi.org/10.1039/b007518n
- Nam, S.-H.; Oh, H.-J.; Min, H.-S.; Lee, J.-H. Microchemical Journal 2010, 95, 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2009.08.009
- Kim, Y. H.; Kim, C. M.; Choi, I. H.; Rengaraj, S.; Yi, J. H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 924-931. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0346431
- Chatterjee, A. Talanta 2000, 51, 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00264-7
- Pizarro, I.; Gomez, M.; Camara, C.; Palacios, M. A. Analytical Chimica Acta 2003, 495, 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.009
- Xueping, L.; Wenfeng, Z.; Yuanan, H.; Hefa, C. Microchemical Journal 2013, 108, 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2012.12.005
- Concepcion, A.; M Jesus, C.; Dinoraz, V.; Rosa, M. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2006, 44, 1901-1908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.011
- Siu, K. W. M.; Gardner, G. J.; Berman, S. S. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 2, 69-71.
피인용 문헌
- A Study on Arsenic Speciation in Korean Oyster Samples using Ion Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry vol.36, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.10059
- Total Arsenic and Arsenic Species in Seaweed and Seafood Samples Determined by Ion Chromatography Coupled with Inductively Coupled End-on-Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry vol.37, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.10993
- Speciation Analysis of 6 Arsenic Species in Sea Mustard Using IC-ICP-MS vol.60, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2016.60.6.452
- Inorganic Arsenic Determination in Food: A Review of Analytical Proposals and Quality Assessment Over the Last Six Years vol.71, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702816652374
- Feasibility of Separation and Quantification of Inorganic Arsenic Species Using Ion-Exchange Membranes and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy vol.51, pp.17, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2018.1453517
- An improved rapid analytical method for the arsenic speciation analysis of marine environmental samples using high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry vol.191, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7675-x