Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Floating Wetland on Water Quality Improvement in a Eutrophic Lake

부유습지를 이용한 부영양수계 현장 수질개선 효과

  • Received : 2012.12.28
  • Accepted : 2013.03.11
  • Published : 2013.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

At weekly intervals, we monitored continuous changes in water quality by constructed floating wetland equipped with the four different filter media (sponge, volcanic stone, activated carbon and magnesium hydroxide) in a eutrophic lake from March 2011 to May 2012. We also investigated phyto- and zooplankton communities both in the influent and the effluent water through the floating wetland. Over a 10-month time period, average turbidity (66%), suspended solids (79%) and chlorophyll-a (80%) concentrations were remarkably reduced in the effluent water compared to the influent (P<0.001). The average removal rates of $NO_2-N$ and $NH_3-N$ were 24% and 20%, respectively (P<0.05). The average removal rates of $NO_3-N$ and TN were less than 10% (P>0.05). On the other hand, the average removal rates of $PO_4-P$ and TP were more than 65% (P<0.01). Interestingly, the abundance of phytoplankton in the effluent was decreased about 2.6 times compared to that of the influent, whereas the abundance of zooplankton in the effluent was increased about 3.5 times compared to that of the influent. Overall, particulate matters (SS, Chl-a and TP) and dissolved nutrients ($NO_2-N$, $NH_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$) were particularly reduced at high rates. Therefore, application of our constructed floating wetland in a eutrophic lake improved the water quality and demonstrated a potential for algal bloom mitigation.

본 연구는 2011년 3월부터 2012년 5월까지 부영양수계에 네 가지 여재(스펀지, 화산석, 활성탄, 수산화마그네슘)를 사용한 부유습지를 설치하여 장기적인 수질변화를 조사하였다. 또한 부유습지에 유입되는 유입수와 네 가지 여재를 거쳐 최종적으로 통과된 유출수내의 식물플랑크톤과 동물플랑크톤 군집을 분석하였다. 실험기간 동안 탁도(66%), SS (79%), Chl-a (80%), COD (24%)의 농도는 유입수에 비해 유출수에서 뚜렷하게 높은 감소율을 나타냈다(p<0.001). $NO_2-N$와 $NH_3-N$은 각각 24%, 20%로 유의한 감소를 나타냈으나(p<0.05), $NO_3-N$와 TN은 평균 10% 미만의 제거율을 나타내었다(p>0.05). 한편 $PO_4-P$와 TP는 모두 평균 65% 이상의 제거율을 나타냈다(p<0.01). 또한 식물플랑크톤밀도는 유출수에서 유입수보다 2.6배 정도 낮게 나타낸 반면, 동물플랑크톤은 유입수보다 유출수에서 평균 3.5배 이상 높은 밀도를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 네 가지 여재를 이용한 수질개선용 부유습지는 특히, 입자성 물질(SS, Chl-a, COD, TP)과 용존성 영양염($NO_2-N$, $NH_3-N$, $PO_4-P$)에 대하여 높은 제거율을 나타내어, 결과적으로 부영양 호소에서 수질개선 및 조류 저감에 대한 적용가능성을 보여주었다.

Keywords

References

  1. APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st ed. American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C. USA.
  2. Balcer, M.D., N.L. Korda and S.I. Dodson. 1984. Zooplankton of the great lake. A guide to the identification and ecology of the common crustacean species. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  3. Bologo, V., J.P. Maree and F. Carlsson. 2012. Application of magnesium hydroxide and barium hydroxide for the removal of metals and sulphate from mine water. Water SA 38: 23-28.
  4. Brix, H. 1994. Functions of macrophytes in constructed wetland. Water Science Technology 29: 71-78.
  5. Brix, H. 1997. Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands?. Water Science Technology 35: 11-17.
  6. Brodick, S.J., P. Cullen and W. Maher. 1988. Denitrification in a natural wetland receiving secondary treated effluent. Water Research 22: 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(88)90037-1
  7. Brooks, A.S., M.N. Rozenwald, L.D. Geohring, L.W. Lion and T.S. Steenhuis. 2000. Phosphorus removal by wollastonite: A constructed wetland substrate. Ecological Engineering 15: 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(99)00056-7
  8. Browning, K. and M. Greenway. 2003. Nutrient removal and plant biomass in a subsurface flow constructed wetland in Brisbane, Australia. Water Science Technology 48: 183-189.
  9. Cho, K.S. 1993. Illustration of the freshwater zooplankton Korea. Academy Publishing Company.
  10. Choi, M.J., M.S. Byeon, H.K. Park, N.H. Jeon, S.H. Yoon and D.S. Kong. 2007. The Growth anti nutrient removal efficiency of hydrophytes at an artificial vegetation island, Lake Paldang. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 23: 348-355.
  11. Chung, J. 1993. Illustration of the freshwater algae of Korea. Academy Publishing Company.
  12. Comeau, Y., J. Brisson, J.P. Reville, C. Forget and A. Drizo. 2001. Phosphorus removal from trout farm effluents by constructed wetlands. Water Science Technology 44: 55-60.
  13. Corbitt, R.A. and P.T. Bowen. 1994. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment, p. 221-241. In: Applied Wetlands Science and Technology (Kent, D.M., ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  14. Diaz, O.A., K.R. Reddy and P.A. Moore. 1994. Solubility of inorganic P in stream water as influenced by pH and Ca concentration. Water Research 28: 1755-1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90248-8
  15. Drizo, A., C.A. Frost, J. Grace and K.A. Smith. 1999. Physicochemical screening of phosphate-removing substrates for use in constructed wetland systems. Water Research 33: 3595-3602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00082-2
  16. Drizo, A., Y. Comeau, C. Forget and R.P. Chapuis. 2002. Phosphorus saturation potential: a parameter for estimating the longevity of constructed wetland systems. Environmental Science Technology 36: 4642-4648. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011502v
  17. Forbes, M.G., K.R. Dickson, T.D. Golden, P. Hudak and R.D. Doyle. 2004. Dissolved phosphorus retention of lightweight expanded shale and masonry sand used in subsurface flow treatment wetlands. Environmental Science Technology 38: 892-898. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034341z
  18. Gray, S., J. Kinross, P. Read and A. Marland. 2000. The nutrient assimilative capacity of marl as a substrate in constructed wetland system for waste treatment. Water Research 34: 2183-2190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00414-5
  19. Greenway, M. and A. Woolley. 1999. Constructed wetlands in Queensland: Performance efficiency and nutrient bioaccumulation. Ecological Engineering 12: 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00053-6
  20. Ham, J.H., C.G. Yoon, J.Y. Han and H.C. Kim. 2006. Seasonal performance of constructed wetland for nonpoint source pollution control. Korean Journal of Limnology 39: 471-480.
  21. Henrist, C., J.-P. Mathieu, C. Vogels, A. Rulmont and R. Cloots. 2003. Morphological study of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles precipitated in dilute aqueous solution. Journal of Crystal Growth 249: 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(02)02068-7
  22. Hutchinson, G.E. 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 2. Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York.
  23. Kadlec, R.H. 1997. An autobiotic wetland phosphorus model. Ecological Engineering 8: 145-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(97)00257-7
  24. Kim, G.B., E.D. Lee, Y.S. Park, B.S. Park and H.K. Lee. 1998. Characteristics of slurry waste treatment in wetted flue gas desulfurization process using Mg $(OH)_2$ absorbent. Journal of Korea Solid Wastes Engineering Society 15: 517-523.
  25. Kim, M.H. and C.G. Yoon. 2000. Review of 5-year experimental data from treatment wetland. The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference p. 649-654.
  26. Kim, T.H., T.W. Ahn, J.H. Jung, I.S. Choi and J.M. Oh. 2010. Research on improvement of lake water quality using artificial floating island. Korean Journal of Limnology 43: 263-270.
  27. Ko, D.H., Y.C. Chung and S.C. Seo. 2010. Removal mechanisms for water pollutant in constructed wetlands: review paper. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 32: 379-392.
  28. Korea Water Resources Corporation. 2002. Study on operation and management of Shihwa constructed wetland. 3-53.
  29. Kwon, A.R. and C.H. Park. 2003. A study on water quality remediation using aquatic plants. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 25: 415-420.
  30. Kwon, O.B. 2007. Study on the improvement of aquatic ecosystem by vegetated artificial floating island. PhD thesis, Gangwon National University.
  31. K-water, 2009. The survey of water pollution sources in watershed of Lake Sihwa (3rd year). appendix 1-9.
  32. K-water, 2010. Analysis of the trend of water quality and establishment of long-term monitoring systems on the streams flowing into Lake Sihwa (1st year). 86-97.
  33. Lee, K.S., J.R. Jang, Y.K. Kim and B.H. Park. 1999. A study on the floating island for water quality improvement of a reservoir. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 18: 77-82.
  34. Molle, P., A. Lienard, A. Grasmick and A. Iwema. 2003. Phosphorus retention in subsurface constructed wetlands: investigations focused on calcareous materials and their chemical reactions. Water Science Technology 48: 75-83.
  35. Mueller, G., J. Sartoris, K. Nakamura and J. Boutwell. 1996. Ukishima, floating islands, or Schwimmkampen?. LakeLine 16: 18-26.
  36. Newbold, J.D., J.W. Elwood, R.V. O''Neill and A.L. Sheldon. 1983. Phosphorus dynamics in a woodland stream ecosystem: A study of nutrient spiraling. Ecology 64: 1249-1263. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937833
  37. Park, C.H., M.H. Park, D.H. Choi, J.H. Lee, M.H. Lee and S.J. Hwang. 2012. The removal of algae and phosphorus in eutrophic waters using various filter media: single and combined application of types, concentration, and pareticle size. Korean Journal of Limnology 45: 102-109.
  38. Persson, P.E. 1982. Muddy odour: a problem associated with extreme eutrophication. Hydrobiology 86: 161-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005805
  39. Prochaska, C.A. and A.I. Zouboulis. 2006. Removal of phosphates by pilot vertical-flow constructed wetlands using a mixture of sand and dolomite as substrate. Ecological Engineering 26: 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.10.009
  40. Reddy, K.R., R.H. Kadlec., E. Flaig and P.M. Gale. 1999. Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 29: 84-136.
  41. Rousseau, D., P. Vanrolleghem and N. Pauw. 2004. Modelbased design of horizontal subsurface flow constructed treatment wetlands: a review. Water Research 38: 1484-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.013
  42. Seitzinger, S.P. 1988. Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: ecological and geochemical significance. Limnology and Oceanography 33: 702-724. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.4_part_2.0702
  43. Seo, D.C. 2005. Development of treatment process of biological nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage treatment plant by natural purification system. PhD thesis, Gyeongsang National University.
  44. Seo, J.W., H.S. Jang and K.H. Kang. 2007. Performance evaluation of subsurface-flow wetland with media possessing different adsorption capacities for nitrogen and phosphorus. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 23: 155-160.
  45. Seo, J.B., J.W. Kang and I.S. Lee. 2008. A kinetic study on the ammonia nitrogen adsorption by physical characteristics of activated carbon. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 24: 311-316.
  46. Seo, J.B. and J.W. Kang. 2010. A kinetic study on the phosphorus adsorption by physical properties of activated carbon. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 26: 491-496.
  47. Singh, R.P. and Y.H. Jiang. 2010. Phosphorus removal by wollastonite: A constructed wetland substrate. 2010 2nd Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology.
  48. Stemberger, R.S. 1979. A guide to rotifers of the Laurentian Great Lakes. EPA-600/4-79-021.
  49. Sundaravadivel, M. and S. Vigneswaran. 2001. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 31: 351-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/20016491089253
  50. Tanner, C.C., J.P.S. Sukias and M.P. Upsdell. 1998. Constructed relationships between loading rates and pollutant removal during maturation of gravel-bed constructed wetlands. Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 448-458.
  51. Watson, J.T., S.C. Reed, R.H. Kadlec, R.L. Knight and A.E. Whitehouse. 1989. Performance expectations and loading rates for constructed wetlands, In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment; Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural, Hammer, D. H., Ed.; Lewis Publishers.
  52. Yang, H.M. 2002. Preliminary nitrogen removal rates in close-to-nature constructed stream water treatment wetland. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 21: 269-273. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2002.21.4.269
  53. Yang, H.M. 2006. Changes in pollutant concentrations by artificial floating island installed in reservoir for irrigation. Korean Journal of Environmental Restoration Technology 9: 23-32.
  54. Zhu, T., T. Maehlum, P.D. Jenssen and T. Krogstad. 2003. Phosphorus sorption characteristics of a light-weight aggregate. Water Science Technology 48: 93-100.