DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Size, Impurities, and Citrate Capping on the Toxicity of Manufactured Silver Nano-particles to Larval Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

  • Kim, Jungkon (Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Park, Yena (School of Public Health, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Sangwoo (School of Public Health, Seoul National University) ;
  • Seo, Jihyun (School of Public Health, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kwon, Dongwook (Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University) ;
  • Park, Jaehong (Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University) ;
  • Yoon, Tae-Hyun (Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University) ;
  • Choi, Kyungho (School of Public Health, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2013.06.10
  • Accepted : 2013.08.19
  • Published : 2013.08.31

Abstract

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify factors determining the toxicity of manufactured silver nano-particles (AgNPs) on aquatic organisms. Methods: For this purpose, we prepared several AgNPs with varied characteristics, including hydrodynamic size (nano-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}\;vs$-sized-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$), impurities ($^{ABC}Ag$ stock vs $^{ABC}Ag$), and citrate capping ($^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$), using a commercially available manufactured AgNP ($^{ABC}Ag$ stock). Acute tests were conducted using larval zebrafish (Danio rerioI). In addition, in order to determine the ecotoxicological potentials of various capping agents, toxicity tests were conducted with microbes, waterfleas, and fish for eight different capping agents that are used for NPs. Results: The toxicity of AgNPs in terms of 96 h fish $LC_{50}$ increased in the following order: $^{ABC}Ag$ stock < $^{ABC}Ag=^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}=nano-^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ < ${\mu}$-sized-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ < $AgNO_3$. After removing impurities by dialysis, 96 h $LC_{50}$ value decreased significantly from $126.6{\mu}g/L$ (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 107.0-146.2) ($^{ABC}Ag$ stock) to $78.6{\mu}g/L$ (CI: 72.7-84.8) ($^{ABC}Ag$). For ${\mu}$-sized-$^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ (ranging between 3.9 and 40.6 nm) and $^{ABC}Ag^{Cit}$ (40.6 nm and $9.1{\mu}m$), the 96 h $LC_{50}$ of the former ($43.9{\mu}g/L$, CI: 36.0-51.7) was approximately two-fold lower than that of the latter ($87.0{\mu}g/L$, CI: 73.5-100.3). Conclusions: In this study, we found that for acute lethality, the contribution of impurities and particle size was significant, but that of citrate was negligible.

Keywords

References

  1. Kashiwada S, Ariza ME, Kawaguchi T, Nakag-ame Y, Jayasinghe BS, Gartner K, et al. Silver nanocolloids disrupt medaka embryogenesis through vital gene expressions. Environ Sci Technol, 2012; 46(11): 6278-6287. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2045647
  2. Wu Y, Zhou Q, Li H, Liu W, Wang T, Jiang G. Effects of silver nanoparticles on the development and histopathology biomarkers of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using the partial-life test. Aquat Toxicol, 2010; 100(2): 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.11.014
  3. Rosso KM. Nanoparticles and the environment. Clays Clay Miner, 2002; 50(5): 681-682. https://doi.org/10.1346/000986002320679404
  4. Chung-Sik Y. Consideration of Nano-Measurement Strategy. J Environ Health Sci, 2011; 37(1): 73-79.
  5. Kahru A, Dubourguier H-C. From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology. Toxicology, 2010; 269(2-3): 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.016
  6. Chae YJ, Pham CH, Lee J, Bae E, Yi J, Gu MB. Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Aquat Toxicol, 2009; 94(4): 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.07.019
  7. Choi JE, Kim S, Ahn JH, Youn P, Kang JS, Park K, et al. Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol, 2010; 100(2): 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.012
  8. Bilberg K, Hovgaard MB, Besenbacher F, Baatrup E. In vivo toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Toxicol, 2012; 2012.
  9. Griffitt RJ, Luo J, Gao J, Bonzongo JC, Barber DS. Effects of particle composition and species on toxicity of metallic nanomaterials in aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem, 2008; 27(9): 1972-1978. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-002.1
  10. OECD. Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test. OECD press; 1992. p.1-18.
  11. US EPA. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms, 5th ed. Washington DC: EPA press; 2002. p1-30.
  12. Rice EW, Baird RB, Daton AD, Clesceri L. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 18th ed. Washington, DC: APHA-AWWA- WPCF press; 1992. p.1160.
  13. Luyts K, Napierska D, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. How physico-chemical characteristics of nanoparticles cause their toxicity: complex and unresolved interrelations. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts, 2013; 15(1): 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30237c
  14. Sanderson S, Stebar M, Ackermann K, Jones S, Batjakas I, Kaufman L. Mucus entrapment of particles by a suspension-feeding tilapia (Pisces: Cichlidae). J Exp Bio, 1996; 199(8): 1743-1756.
  15. Playle RC. Modelling metal interactions at fish gills. Sci Total Environ, 1998; 219(2-3): 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00232-0
  16. Zia S, McDonald DG. Role of the gills and gill chloride cells in metal uptake in the freshwateradapted rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 1994; 51: 2482-2492. https://doi.org/10.1139/f94-247
  17. Griffitt RJ, Weil R, Hyndman KA, Denslow ND, Powers K, Taylor D, et al. Exposure to copper nanoparticles causes gill injury and acute lethality in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Sci Technol, 2007; 41: 8178-8186. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071235e
  18. Tao S, Long A, Dawson RW, Xu F, Li B, Cao J, et al. Copper speciation and accumulation in the gill microenvironment of carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the presence of kaolin particles. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 2002; 42(3): 325-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0022-5