The Perceived Usefulness of Smartwork and Work-family Conflict

스마트워크 유용성 지각과 일-가정 갈등에 관한 연구: 경계유연추구의도의 매개효과 및 과업상호의존성과 과정통제의 조절효과 검증

  • Received : 2012.12.10
  • Accepted : 2013.05.09
  • Published : 2013.05.31

Abstract

It is expected that expanded use of smartphone and enhanced information technology will enable smartwork to change individuals and organizations. Smartwork is expected to allow people to perform their roles without barriers of time and space. However, people tend not to accept and actively utilize smartwork. The present study is to examine how important flexibility-willingness is for performance outcome in the context of smartwork. It was hypothesized that flexibility-willingness mediates between perceived smartwork usefulness and work-family conflict. It was also hypothesized based on technology acceptance model that task interdependence and process control moderates the relationship between flexibility-willingness and work-family conflict because the relationship is not consistent. The results show that the mediation effect of the flexibility-willingness is statistically significant. The moderator effects of task interdependence was marginal proved but process control wasn't. From these results, we discussed the theoretical implications of findings, limitations, suggestions for future research in discussion.

스마트폰의 확산과 정보통신기술의 발전으로 스마트워크가 가져올 개인과 기업 측면의 변화에 대한 기대가 높다. 특히 스마트워크를 통해 시간과 공간에 제약을 받지 않은 채 일과 가정 두 영역에서의 역할을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 기대되고 있다. 하지만, 스마트워크에 대한 근로자의 수용 의도가 낮고 실제 활용률도 떨어지는 문제점이 발생되고 있다. 이와 같은 현상에 주목하면서 본 연구에서는 스마트워크 환경에서 기대성과가 나타나는데 있어 중요한 변인으로 근로자의 유연경계추구의도를 설정하고 심리적 기제가 미치는 영향에 대해 검증하고자 했다. 연구의 목적에 맞춰 기술수용모델 관점에서 스마트워크 유용성 지각과 일-가정 갈등 사이에서 유연경계추구의도가 매개변인으로 작용할 것으로 예상하고 연구를 진행했다. 한 편 근로자의 스마트워크에 대한 활용 의도가 있더라도 일-가정 갈등이 높아지는 현상에 있어서 현재의 조직 상황에서의 역할 방해 요인이 있을 것으로 보고 과업상호의존성과 과정통제의 조절효과에 대한 검증도 함께 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 유연경계추구의도의 완전 매개효과가 검증되었고, 과업상호의존성과 과정통제의 조절효과의 경우, 과업상호의존성만이 조절효과의 경향성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. 강민지, 이계훈, 문광수, 오세진 (2012). 비공식 조직 참여도가 직무만족에 미치는 영향: 비공식조직의 순기능적 유용성의 매개효과를 중심으로.한국심리학회지:산업 및 조직, 25(4), 681-700.
  2. 강윤정, 이원준, 서영주 (2006). 모바일 오피스 환경에서 이동성이 PDA 활용에 미치는 영향. 경영과학, 23(1), 21-42.
  3. 강혜련, 김태홍 (2000). 가정영역의 책임이 근로자의 노동성과에 미치는 영향분석. 인사관리연구, 24, 347-369.
  4. 김성국 (2000). 원격근무 도입과 조직 생산성. 생산성논집. 14(3), 18-30.
  5. 김주엽 (2006). 일과 가정의 균형에 관한 문헌적 검토. 인적자원개발연구, 8, 83-117.
  6. 김태홍, 고인아 (2001). 가족친화적인 고용정책의 현황과 활성화 방안. 한국여성개발원. 23(7), 1-18.
  7. 김현곤, 이혜정, 홍효진 (2009). 원격근무의 사회.경제적 효과와 대국민 인식조사 결과 분석. 한국정보화진흥원.
  8. 박계관 (2007). 원격근무와 직무효과의 관계분석. 한국외국어대학교 박사학위 논문.
  9. 박광배 (1993). 사랑과 일에 대한 일 가정의 상충 효과: 남성들의 경우. 한국심리학회지: 사회. 7, 212-225.
  10. 손연기 (2000). 국내원격근무 실태 및 인식에 관한 조사 연구.정보통신학술 연구과제 지정조사. 00-02. 숭실대학교.
  11. 신동호 (2009). 종업원의 가족친화제도 유용성 지각이 조직유효성에 미치는 영향. 숭실대학교 박사학위 논문.
  12. 오영삼 (2009). 과업상호의존성과 결과상호의존성 지각이 구성원 변화주도행위에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 지각된 책임감의 매개효과와 직무재량권의 조절 효과 중심으로. 고려대학교 석사학위 논문.
  13. 유계숙 (2012). 저출산 대응을 위한 일 -가정 양립지원정책. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 18(1), 111-125.
  14. 이각범 (2010). 스마트워크 도입해야 스마트 강국 된다. 신동아, 53(7), 366-379.
  15. 이민혜, 이준기 (2011). 스마트워크 연구에 대한 고찰과 향후 연구 주제. 정보화정책. 18(2), 72-84.
  16. 이선희, 김문식, 박수경 (2008). 가족 친화경영이 조직몰입과 이직의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 직장-가정 갈등의 매개효과 가설 검증. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 21(3), 383-410.
  17. 이성기 (2009). 기업의 원격근무 실태와 그 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구. 성균관대학교 박사학위 논문.
  18. 이승희, 도현옥, 서경도 (2010). 스마트워크 활성화를 위한 경영관리 방안. 디지털정책연구, 9(4), 245-252.
  19. 이재성, 김흥식 (2010). 스마트워크 현황과 활성화 방안 연구. 한국지역정보화학회지, 13(4), 75-96.
  20. 이혜정 (2010). 공공부분 스마크워크 추진현황과 과제. 지식정책 포럼 발표집.
  21. 임광현, 이동진, 김진혁 (2010). 스마트위크 연구 경향 분석. 정보화정책, 17, 3-22.
  22. 임효창, 이봉세, 박경규 (2005). 기혼 직장인의 직장 가정 갈등의 원인과 결과에 관한 분석. 경영학연구, 34, 1417-1443.
  23. 장재윤, 김혜숙 (2003). 직장-가정 간 갈등이 삶의 만족 및 직무 태도에 미치는 효과에 있어서의 성차: 우리나라 관리직 공무원들을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 9(1), 23-42.
  24. 정철호, 문영주 (2011). 스마트워크 추진 현황 및 활성화 과제에 관한 탐색적 연구. 전자상거래학회지, 12(2), 53-69.
  25. 조성민, 이선로 (2009a). 모바일 근무지원시스템과 관리자 리더십이 심리적 임파워먼트를 통하여 모바일 근무 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. 경영학연구, 38(5), 1135- 1163.
  26. 조성민, 이선로 (2009b). 모바일 근무 환경에서 정보시스템 특성과 관리통제 특성이 직무만족과 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구. 정보화정책, 16(4), 49-72.
  27. 채연주 (2003). 일과 삶의 균형: 현대기업의 경계 관리 연구.연세대학교 석사학위논문.
  28. 한국정보화진흥원 (2010). 일하는 방식의 대혁명적 변화 '스마트워크', Smartwork Insight.
  29. 홍순이 (2003). 원격근무와 조직효과성 관계에 있어서 상사신뢰와 공정성 지각의 조절효과에 관한 연구. 이화여자대학교 박사학위 논문.
  30. 홍효진 (2010). 스마트 워크의 성공적 정착을 위한 선결 과제.DigiEco Focus. KT경제경영연구소.
  31. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  32. Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: the role of organizational perceptions, Journal of Vocational Behavior. 58, 414-435.
  33. Anderson, E., & Oliver, R. L. (1987). Perspectives on behavior-based versus out come based sales control systems. Journal of Marketing. 51,76-88.
  34. Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S., & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal work place practices: links to work-life conflict and job-related out comes. Journal of Management, 28(6), 787-810.
  35. Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25, 472-91.
  36. Bailey, D., & Kurland, N. (2002). A Review of telework research: findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern Work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383-400.
  37. Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., Taris, T., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. (2003).A multigroup analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home-care organization. International Journal of Stress Management, 10, 16-18.
  38. Barnett, R. C. (1998). Toward are view and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125-182.
  39. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
  40. Baruch, Y. (2001). The status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(2), 113-129.
  41. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley: New York.
  42. Chen, L., & Nath, R. (2008). A socio-technical perspective of mobile work, Information, Knowledge, Systems Management, 7, 41-60.
  43. Chesley, N. (2005). Blurring boundaries? linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1237-1248.
  44. Clark, S. (2001). Work cultures and work/family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 348-365.
  45. Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747-770.
  46. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
  47. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989.) User acceptance of computer technology: a Comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35, 982-1003.
  48. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(14), 1111-1132.
  49. Dishaw, M. T., & Strong, D. M. (1999). Extending the technology acceptance model with task-technology fit constructs. Information & Management, 36(1), 9-21.
  50. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115-134.
  51. Frone (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tertrick(Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology(pp.143-162). Washington. DC: American Psychological Association.
  52. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1997). Elation of work-family conflict outcomes: a four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 325-335.
  53. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., and Barnes, G. M. (1996). Work-family conflict, gender, and health-related outcomes: a study of employed parents in two community samples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 57-69.
  54. Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
  55. Gajendran, R., & Harrison, D. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1424-1541.
  56. Garret, R., & Danziger J. (2007). Which telework? defining and testing a taxonomy of technology-mediated work at a distance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 25(1), 27-47.
  57. Georgopoulos, B. S. (1986). Organizational structure, problem solving, and effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  58. Goff, S. Mount, M., & Jamison, R. (1990). Employer supported child care, work/family conflict, and absenteeism: a field study. Personnel Psychology, 43, 793-809.
  59. Gordon, G. E. & Kelly, M. (1988) The dilemma of telework: technology vs tradition. Telework: present situation and future development of a new form of work organization. Amsterdam: North-Holland
  60. Grandey, A. A. (2001). Family friendly policies: organizational justice perceptions of need-based allocations. Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice, 2, 145-173.
  61. Greenblatt, E. (2002). Work-life Balance: wisdom or whining. Organizational Dynamics, 31, 177-193.
  62. Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (1999). Research on work, family, and gender: current status and future direction. In G. N. Powel (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (p.391-412). Newbury Park.
  63. Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: a theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92.
  64. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Collins, K. M. (2001). Career involvement and family involvement as moderators of relationships between work-amily conflict and withdrawal from a profession. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 6, 91-100.
  65. Greenhause, H. & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review. 10, 76-88.
  66. Grzywacz, J. G., & Butler, A. B. (2005). The impact of job characteristics on work-to-family facilitation: Testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. Journal of Occupational Psychology. 10, 97-109.
  67. Gutek, B., Searle, S., and Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role-explanations for work-family conflict, Journal of Applied Psychology,76,560-568.
  68. Hastings, R. R., (2002). Creating a telecommuting policy, society for human resource management, White Paper.
  69. Hill, J., Ferris, M.& M lrtinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues(Traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 63. 220-241.
  70. Hirst, M. K. (1987). Thee fects of setting budget goals and task uncertainty on performance: a theoretical analysis. The Accounting Review, 62(4), 774-784.
  71. Houlihan M. & McGrath P. (1998). Scenes from the call centre floor: Working the mediated. in R. Suomi (Ed.) Teleworking environments. proceedings of the third International Workshop on Telework, Turku Centre for Computer Science. 32-53.
  72. Hughes, D. L., & Galinsky, E. (1994). Gender, job and family conditions, and psychological symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 18, 251-270.
  73. Jaworski, B. J. (1988). Toward a theory of marketing control: environmental context, control types, and consequences, Journal of Marketing. 52. 23-39.
  74. Judiesch, M. K., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). Left behind? The impact of leaves of absence on managers' career success. Academy of Management Journal. 42, 641-651.
  75. Katz, A. I. (1987) The Management, Control and Evaluation of a telecommuting project: a case study, Information and Management, 13
  76. Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B., & Eaton, S. C. (2005). Flexibility enactment theory: Relationships between type, boundaries, control and work-amily effectiveness. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert.(Eds.). Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives, 243-62. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  77. Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and workfamily effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 68, 347-67.
  78. Kossek, E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-Family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology. 83, 139-149.
  79. Kossek, E., Noe, R., & DeMarr, B. (1999). Work-family role synthesis: individual and organizational determinants. the international journal of conflict managemen,. 10(2), 102-129.
  80. Kreiner, G. (2006). Consequences of work-home segmentation or integration: a person-environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 48-57.
  81. Lambert, S. J. (2000). Added benefits: the link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 801-815.
  82. Lapierre, L., & Allen, T. (2006). Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: implications for work-family conflict and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 169-181.
  83. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Bradway, L. K. (1997). Task interdependence as a moderator of the relation between group control and performance. Human Relations, 50, 169-181.
  84. llegems, V., Verbeke, A., & S'Jegers, R. (2004). The organizational context of teleworking implementation. Technological forecasting and Social Change, 68(3), 275-291.
  85. Matthews, R. A., & Barnes-Farrell, J. L. (2010). Development and initial evaluation of an enhanced measure of domain flexibility for the work and family domains. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(3), 330-346.
  86. Narayanan, V. K., & Nath, R. (1982). A field test of some attitudinal and behavioral consequences of flexitime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 214-218.
  87. Near, J., Rice, R., & Hunt, R. (1980). The relationship between work and nonwork domains. A review of empirical research. 5(3), 415-429.
  88. Nippert-Eng, C. (1996). Calendars and keys: the classification of 'home and work. Sociological Forum. 11, 563-82.
  89. Oliver, R. L., & Anderson, E. (1994). An empirical test of the consequences of behavior and outcome-based sales control systems. Journal of Marketing. 58(4), 53-67.
  90. Olson M, H.., & Primps, S, B. (1984). Working at home with computers: work and non work issues. Journal of Social Issues. 40(3), 97-112.
  91. Olson M. H. (1983). Remote work: changing work patterns in time and space. Communications of the ACM. 26(3), 182-187.
  92. Olson-Buchanan, J. B., & Boswell, W. R. (2006). Bluring boundaries: correlates of integration and segmentation between work and non work. Journal of vacational behavior, 68(3), 432-445.
  93. Ouchi, W, G. (1979). A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science. 25(9), 833-848.
  94. Pierce, J, L., & Newstrom, J, W. (1983). The design of flexible work schedules and employee responses: relationships and process. Journal of Occupational Behaviour. 4(4), 247-262.
  95. Quick, J. D., & Quick, J. D. (2004). Happy, productive work: a leadership challenge. Organizational Dynamics. 33, 329-337.
  96. Quick, J. D., Henley, A. B., & Quick, J. C. (2004). The balancing act: at work and at home. Organizational Dynamics. 33, 426-438.
  97. Richardson, K., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2011). Examining the antecedents of work connectivity behavior during non-work time. Information and Organization. 21(3). 142-160.
  98. Smith, J. & Gardner, D. (2007). Factors affecting employee use of work-life balance initiatives. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 36(1), 3-12.
  99. Triandis, H. C. (1980). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behaviour. I H. E. Howe (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Beliefs, attitudes and values (pp.195-259). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  100. van der Vegt, G, S. (2005). Learning and performance in multidisciplinary teams: The importance of collective team identification. The academy of management journal, 48(3), 532-547.
  101. Venkatesh, V. (2000). Determinants of perceived ease of use: integrating control intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model, Information System Research. 11(4), 342-365.
  102. Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: development and test. Decision Sciences. 27(3), 451-481.