DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Ecotourism and Protected Area Conservation in Bangladesh: a Case Study on Understanding the Visitors Views on Prospects and Development

  • Rahman, Md. Habibur (Bangladesh Institute of Social Research-BISR) ;
  • Roy, Bishwajit (Bangladesh Institute of Social Research-BISR) ;
  • Anik, Sawon Istiak (Unnayan Onneshan) ;
  • Fardusi, Most. Jannatul (Bangladesh Institute of Social Research-BISR)
  • 투고 : 2012.05.23
  • 심사 : 2012.12.21
  • 발행 : 2013.02.28

초록

Protected area based ecotourism is now the most interesting topic to the nature lover and policy maker throughout the world because of its linkage with economic benefits, protected area management and biodiversity conservation. Based on this premise our study explores the visitors' perception on the recreational potential of Kaptai National park and its potentiality in ecotourism development in Bangladesh. The field survey was carried out both in holidays and non-holidays of the week from the late winter season in 2009 to the spring season in 2010. A total of 118 visitors were interviewed with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. Study findings revealed that about 62% male constitute the visitors group with the maximum number of visitors in the age of between 15-25 years (35.59%). The tourists were very much attracted by boat riding (93.22%) followed by scenic beauty of Rampahar-Sitapahar (85.59%). A major portion of about 57.14% tourists wished to visit the park within a year because they got a lot of pleasure from Natural and green environment (86.44%) followed by boating on Kaptai Lake (85.59%). Most of the visitors (36%) were happy about existing facilities but defined some problems such as tour guiding facility, food and drinking water supply, etc. About 71% and 66% respondents perceived that Kaptai National Park made them to be concerned and protective of nature and supports and sustains local ecosystem respectively and 43% respondents agreed that Kaptai National Park ensures the social equity and involve local people in ecotourism which are the most important elements of sustainable ecotourism. The present study results also predict that the park might be a good recreational area for enjoying with family members and group of friends through proper management and promoting the relationships among tourism, local people and biodiversity conservation.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abdullah M, Ramsa AY, Nahar SY, Kuen IK. 2000. The Relevance of Protected Areas and Biodiversity to the Quality of Life of Local People. The Malay Forest 63: 126-135.
  2. Ahmed MR, RahmanMM. 1997. Visitors participation in outdoor recreation activities at Bhawal National Park with respect to some socio-economic variables. Bang J For Sci 26: 37-42.
  3. Ahmed MR. 1993. Outdoor recreation potentials of the Foy's lake area. Bang J For Sci 22: 30-36.
  4. Ahsan MM. 2007. Perceptions of Tourism by Indigenous Communities Living in and Adjoining Lawachara National Park. In: Making conservation work: linking rural livelihood and protected area management in Bangladesh (Fox J, Bushley JR, Dutt S, Quazi SA, eds). East-West Centre and Nishorgo Program of the Bangladesh Forest Department, Honolulu, USA, pp 131-148.
  5. Akis S, Peristianis N, Warner J. 1996. Residents' attitudes to tourism development: the case of Cyprus. Tour Manag 17:481-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00066-0
  6. Amin SD. 2006. The role of tourism in Bangladesh economy. The Daily New Nation, a daily English newspaper of Bangladesh, dated: 6 Dec 2006.
  7. BFD. 2010. Eco-Tourism of Bangladesh: Kaptai National Park. Bangladesh Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. http://www.bforest.gov.bd/kpatai.php. Accessed 14 Mar 2010.
  8. Buckley R. 2004. The effects of world heritage listing on tourism to australian national parks. J Sustain Tour 12: 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667225
  9. Butler WR, Boyd WS. 2000. Tourism and national parks: a long but uneasy relationship. In: Tourism and national parks: issues and implications (Butler WR, Boyd WS, eds). John Wiley and Sons Ltd., United Kingdom, pp 70-75.
  10. Chape S, Blyth S, Fish L, Fox P, Spalding M. 2003. United nations list of protected areas. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Cambridge, United Kingdom: UNEP-WCMC.
  11. Chowdhury MSH, Koike M. 2010. An overview on the protected area system for forest conservation in Bangladesh. J Forest Rese 21: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-010-0019-x
  12. Davis D, Allen J, Consenza RM. 1988. Segmenting local residents by their attitudes, interests and opinions toward tourism. J Travel Res 27: 2-8.
  13. Forsyth A. 2003. People and urban green areas: perception and use. Design Brief, Number-4. Design Center for American Urban Landscape, USA.
  14. Fredman P, Friberg LH, Emmelin L. 2007. Increased visitation from national park designation. Current Issues Tour 10: 87-95. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit293.0
  15. Goodwin H. 1996. In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiver Conser 5: 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051774
  16. Hall M. Piggin R. 2001. Tourism business knowledge of world heritage sites: a New Zealand case study. Int J Tour Res 4: 401-411.
  17. Hasan F. 2006. Tourism in SAARC Countries. The Daily Star 5 (695), a daily English newspaper of Bangladesh. http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/05/14/d605141502108.htm.
  18. Hull RB. 1992. Brief encounters with urban forests pro-duce moods that matter. J Arboricul 18: 322-324.
  19. Ite UE. 1996. Community perceptions of the cross river national park, nigeria. Environ Conser 23: 351-357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900039217
  20. Ko DW, Stewart WP. 2002. A structural equation model of residents' attitudes for tourism development. Tour Manag 23: 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00006-7
  21. Kramer R, vanSchaik C, Johnson J. 1997. Last stand: protected areas and the defense of tropical biodiversity. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
  22. Landell-Mills N, Porras IT. 2002. Silver bullet or fools' gold? a global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, United Kingdom.
  23. Lane MB. 2001. Affirming new directions in planning theory: comanagement of protected areas. Socie Natur Resour 14: 657-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920118212
  24. Lewis DC. 1996. Managing Conflicts in Protected Areas. Keystone Center and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
  25. Lindberg K. 1993. Ecotourism aspects of ecotourism. In: Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers (Lindberg K, Hawkins DE, eds). Volume-2, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun, India, pp 101.
  26. Loomis J, John B. 1999. Do additional designations of wilderness result in increases in recreational use? Socie Natur Resour 12: 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/089419299279551
  27. Mannigel E. 2008. Integrating parks and people: how does participation work in protected area management? Socie Natur Resour 21: 498-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920701618039
  28. McCool S. 1985. Does wilderness designation lead to increased recreational use? J Forest 83: 39-41.
  29. Mukul SA. 2007. Biodiversity conservation strategies in Bangladesh: the state of protected areas. Tigerpaper 34: 28-32.
  30. Mulongoy KJ, Chape SP. 2004. Protected areas and biodiversity: an overview of key issues. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, Canada and Cambridge, United Kingdom: UNEP-WCMC.
  31. Nath TK, Alauddin. 2006. Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Its impacts on rural community. Inter J Biodiver Sci Manag 2: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618095
  32. NTO. 2009. National Tourism Policy. National Tourism Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh. http://www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd/corporate_info_policy.php. Accessed 20 Apr 2011.
  33. Okaka W. 2007. The role of media communications in developing tourism policy and cross cultural communication for peace, security for sustainable tourism industry in Africa. In: Proceedings of the 4th international institute of peace through tourism (IIPT), African conference on peace through tourism at educators' forum. Kampala, Uganda, 19-22 May 2007.
  34. Rahman MH. 2010. Forest Management Plan for Kaptai Range under Rangamati Forest Division (South Forest Division) (Period: 2010-2019). Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh, pp xv+160. (in English)
  35. Salafsky N, Wollenberg E. 2000. Linking livelihoods and conservation: a conceptual framework and scale for assessing the integration of human needs and biodiversity. World Develop 28: 1421-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00031-0
  36. Sawhney P, Kobayashi M, Takahashi M, King PN, Mori H. 2007. Participation of civil society in management of natural Resources. Inter Revo Environ Stra 7: 117-132.
  37. Scherr SJ, White A, Kaimowitz D. 2004. A New Agenda for Forest Conservation and Poverty Reduction- Making Markets Work for Low-Income Producers. CIFOR, Bogor and IUCN, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  38. Sekhar NU. 2003. Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India. J Environ Manage 69: 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.09.002
  39. Simmons DG. 1994. Community participation in tourism planning. Tour Manag 15: 98-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5
  40. Spiteri A, Nepalz SK. 2006. Incentive-based conservation programs in developing countries: a review of some key issues and suggestions for improvements. Environ Manage 37: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0311-7
  41. Sultana IZ. 2001. Tourism Industries in Bangladesh and World Tourism Day 2001. The Bangladesh Observer, Weekend Magazine of Bangladesh, dated: 28 Sep 2011.
  42. TES. 1998. Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet. The Ecotourism Society. http://www.ecotourism.org. Accessed 7 May 2011.
  43. Tuxill J, Nabhan GP. 2001. People, plants and protected areas: a guide to in situ management. Earthscan, London, United Kingdom.
  44. Vantomme P, Markkula A, Leslie RN. 2002. Non-wood forest products in 15 countries of tropical asia: a regional and national overview. FAO-RAP, Bangkok, Thailand.
  45. Walpole MJ, Goodwin HJ. 2000. Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annals Tour Rese 27: 559-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00088-2
  46. Walpole MJ, Goodwin HJ, Ward KGR. 2001. Pricing policy for tourism in protected areas: lessons from komodo national park, Indonesia. Conser Biol 15: 177-185.
  47. Weiler S, Seidl A. 2004. What's in a Name? Extracting econometric drivers to assess the impact of national park designation. J Region Sci 44: 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4146.2004.00336.x
  48. Western D. 1993. Defining Ecotourism. In: Ecotourism: a Guide for planners and managers (Lindberg K, Hawkins DE, eds). Volume-1, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun, India.
  49. Wunder S. 2000. Ecotourism and economic incentives-an empirical approach. Ecolo Econ 32: 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00119-6

피인용 문헌

  1. The competitiveness of the phytosociological attributes of the protected areas in Bangladesh with that in the other tropical countries vol.35, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2016.1202841
  2. Are Protected Forests of Bangladesh Prepared for the Implementation of REDD+? A Forest Governance Analysis from Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary vol.4, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4020043