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국내 조사료용 볏짚의 수확 전 작물포 및 수확 후 저장에 따른 곰팡이독소 오염 실태 연구

The Studies on Real Condition of Mycotoxin Contamination in the Fields before Harvest and by the Storage of Rice Straw using as Roughage in Korea

  • 투고 : 2013.02.07
  • 심사 : 2013.02.26
  • 발행 : 2013.03.31

초록

본 연구는 국내 생산 볏짚의 곰팡이독소 오염 실태를 파악하기 위하여 벼의 생육 단계별, 볏짚의 보관 형태별 및 곤포사일리지의 지역별 오염을 조사하였다. 수확하기 전 논에서 생장 중인 비에서 곰팡이독소 및 곰팡이 오염이 확인되었다. 벼의 생장 초기에는 deoxynivalenol($297{\mu}g/kg$) 이 발견되었고, 중기에는 ochratoxin A($1.8{\mu}g/kg$) 및 deoxynivalenol($264{\mu}g/kg$) 이 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 수확시기에는 deoxynivalenol($190{\mu}g/kg$) 및 zearalenone ($168{\mu}g/kg$) 이 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 곰팡이 오염은 생장 초기에는 $10^{3-4}$ cfu/g 그리고 생장 중기와 수확시기에는 $10^{4-5}$ cfu/g 이었다. 오염된 곰팡이로는 Fusarium sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium sp., Gibberella sp., Gibberella zeae, Mucor circinelloides, Aspergillus oryzae 등 다양한 종류가 발견되었다. 사료용 볏짚의 통 볏짚단, 사각 볏짚단 및 곤포사일지 등 저장 방법에 따른 오염원 mycotoxin을 조사하였을 때 zearalenone, deoxynivalenol 및 ochratoxins A가 검출되었다. 통 볏짚단의 곰팡이독소 오염도는 23% 이었고, 사각 볏짚단과 곤포사일지지는 각각 38%가 오염되어 있었다. 그리고 105점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 곰팡이독소를 분석하였을 때 46%의 샘플에서 곰팡이독소가 발견되었고, 지역적으로는 경기, 강원, 충청, 영남 및 호남지역에서 각각 48, 33, 40, 50 및 57%의 샘플이 오염되어 있었다. 2가지의 곰팡이독소(zearalenone, deoxynivalenol)가 발견된 충청지역을 제외한 모든 지역의 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 3가지의 곰팡이독소(zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxins A)가 발견되었다. Ochratoxins A의 오염 수준은 전체적으로 $2.6{\mu}g/kg$으로 충청지역에서는 발견되지 않았지만 호남지역은 $3.0{\mu}g/kg$으로 다른 지역보다 높았다. Deoxynivalenol의 오염 수준은 전체적으로 $413{\mu}g/kg$으로 충청지역이 $800{\mu}g/kg$로 가장 높았고, 다른 지역은 $246{\mu}g/kg$에서 $433{\mu}g/kg$의 수준으로 발견되었다. 그리고 zearalenone은 전체적으로 $338{\mu}g/kg$으로 경기지역이 $168{\mu}g/kg$로 다른 지역보다 낮았고, 강원과 호남지역이 각각 $467{\mu}g/kg$$442{\mu}g/kg$으로 높았다. 이상의 연구 결과는 볏짚은 수확하기 전 벼의 생장 기간에도 곰팡이독소 및 곰팡이 오염에 노출되어 있으며, 볏짚의 보관 형태 및 지역에 상관없이 곰팡이독소의 오염이 발생할 수 있음을 명확히 시사한다. 따라서 안전하고 질 좋은 조사료를 확보하기 위해서는 이들 곰팡이독소 관련 더 구체적 연구와 대책관련 탐구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

The studies were conducted to investigate real condition of mycotoxin contamination in the fields before harvest and by the storages of rice straw used as roughage in Korea. It was found mycotoxin contamination before harvest of rice straw that the rice plants were detected deoxynivalenol at the initial growth, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol at the middle growth, and deoxynivalenol and zearalenone at the harvest periods in the fields. Also, the rice plants were contaminated by various fungi such as Fusarium sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium sp., Gibberella sp., Gibberella zeae, Mucor circinelloides and Aspergillus oryzae. The levels of fungal contamination were $10^{3-4}$ cfu/g at the initial growth, and $10^{4-5}$ cfu/g at the middle growth and harvest periods. All storage types of rice straw were contaminated with zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxins A. The samples of rice straw contaminating mycotoxins were account for 3% in bundle rice straw, and 38% in both types of square rice straw and rice round bale silage, respectively. When 105 samples of rice bale silage were analyzed for mycotoxins depending on the regional area, mycotoxin contamination was found in 46% of total samples in Korea. Regional contaminations of mycotoxins were respectively 48, 33, 40, 50 and 57% of samples in Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheng, Yeongnam and Honam area. Rice round bale silage was contaminated by three kinds of mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxinsA) in the all of area without Chungcheong area where was contaminated zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Ochratoxins A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were respectively determinated with the average levels of 2.6, 413 and $338{\mu}g/kg$ in rice round bale silage for the overall area, even if it was some difference depending on each regional area. Therefore, the above results clearly show that the rice straws were exposed to the contamination by mycotoxin and mycotoxigenic fungi before harvest in the fields, and mycotoxin contamination was not dependent on the regional area or the storage types such as bundle rice straw, square rice straw and rice round bale silage.

키워드

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