Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Health Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Tap Water in Korea

우리나라 먹는물의 크립토스포리디움에 의한 건강위해도 평가 연구

  • Lee, Mok-Young (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment) ;
  • Park, Sang-Jung (National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Cho, Eun-Joo (Seoul Metropolitan Government Waterworks Research Institute) ;
  • Park, Su-Jeong (National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Han, Sun-Hee (Seoul Metropolitan Government Waterworks Research Institute) ;
  • Kwon, Oh-Sang (National Institute of Environmental Research)
  • Received : 2012.12.03
  • Accepted : 2013.02.20
  • Published : 2013.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, has been recognized as a frequent cause of waterborne disease due to its extremely strong resistance against chlorine disinfection. Although there has as yet been no report of a Cryptosporidium outbreak through drinking water in Korea, it is important to estimate the health risk of Cryptosporidium in water supply systems because of the various infection cases in human and domestic animals and frequent detection reports on their oocysts in water environments. Methods: This study evaluated the annual infection risk of Cryptosporidium in tap water using the quantitative microbial risk assessment technique. Exposure assessment was performed upon the results of a national survey on Cryptosporidium on the water sources of 97 large-scale water purification plants in Korea, water treatment efficacy, and daily unboiled tap water consumption. The estimates of the US Environmental Protection Agency on the mean likelihood of infection from ingesting one oocyst were applied for effect assessment. Results: Using probabilistic methods, mean annual infection risk of Cryptosporidiosis by the intake of tap water was estimated to fall within the range of $2.3{\times}10^{-4}$ to $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ (median $5.7{\times}10^{-4}$). The risk in using river sources was predicted to be four times higher than with lake sources. With 0.5-log higher removal efficacy, the risk was estimated to be $1.8{\times}10^{-4}$, and could then be lowered by one-third. Conclusions: These estimations can be compared with acceptable risk and then used to determine the adequacy and priority of various drinking water quality strategies such as the establishment of new treatment technology.

Keywords

References

  1. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Vol.2.Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information. 2nd Edition; 1996. p.56-58.
  2. Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR. Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts viability. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990; 56(5): 1423-8.
  3. Byun SH, Lee MY, Cho EJ, Yoon TH, Kim TH, Han SH. Inactivation of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum by various dsinfectants. Korean J KSEE. 2007; 29(5): 533-539.
  4. Bahk GJ, Oh DH, Ha SD, Park KH, Joung MS, Chun SJ, et al. Quantitative microbial risk assessment model for Staphylococcus aureus in Kimbab. Korean J Food Sci Tech. 2005; 37(3): 484-491.
  5. United State Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Surface Water Treatment Rule; 1989.
  6. United State Environmental Protection Agency. Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for the Final Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Office of Water (4606-M) EPA 815-R-06-00; 2005.
  7. VROM - Inspectorate. Inspectorate Guideline- Assessment of the microbial Safety of drinking Water; 2005.
  8. Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Principles and Guidelines for the Conduct of Microbiological Risk Assessment : CAC/GL-30 (1999) ; 1999.
  9. Robertson B, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB. Case-control study of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia. Epidemiol Infect. 2002; 128: 419-431.
  10. Craun GF, Brunkard JM, Yoder JS, Roberts VA, Carpenter J, Wade T, et al. Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010; 23(3): 507-528. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00077-09
  11. Nichols G, Chalmers R, Lake I, Sopwith W, Regan M, Hunter P, et al. Cryptosporidiosis : A report on the surveillance and epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in England and Wales. Drinking Water Directorate; 2006.
  12. Inomata A, Hosaka M, Yaguchi K. Contamination of raw and drinking water by protozoan parasites and an attempt on risk assessment of infection caused by drinking water consumption. Ann Rep Tokyo Metr Inst PH. 2006; 57: 313-318.
  13. Chai JY, Lee SH, Guk SM, Lee SH. An epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in randomly selected inhabitants of Seoul and Chollanam-do. Korean J Parasitol. 1996; 34(2): 113-119. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1996.34.2.113
  14. Chai JY, Song TE, Han ET, Guk SM, Park TK, Choi MH, et al. Two endemic foci of heterophyids and other intestinal fluke infection in southern and western coastal areas in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 1998; 36(3): 155-161. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.155
  15. Seo M, Huh S, Chai JI, Yu JR. An epidemiological survey on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of inhabitants in Chorwon-gun. Kangwon-do, Korean J Parasitol. 2001; 39(2): 201-203. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.201
  16. Yu JR, Lee JK, Seo M, Kim SI, Sohn WM, Huh S, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2004; 42(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.1
  17. Guk SM, Seo M, Park YK, Oh MD, Choi KW, Kim JL, et al. Parasitic infections in HIV-infected patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital during the period 1995-2003. Korean J Parasitol. 2005; 43(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.1
  18. Lee JK, Song HJ, Yu JR. Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in non-HIV patients in Jeollanam-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2005; 43(3): 113-4. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.111
  19. Park JH, Guk SM, Han ET, Shin EH, Kim JL, Chai JY. Genotype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. prevalent in a rural village in Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2006; 44(1): 27-33. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.27
  20. Park JH, Kim HJ, Guk SM, Shin EH, Kim JL, Rim HJ, et al. A survey of Cryptosporidiosis among 2,541 residents of 25 coastal islands in Jeollanamdo (Province), Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2006; 44(4): 367-372. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.367
  21. Huh JW, Moon SG, Lim YH. A Survey of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Gastroenteritis Patients during a 3-Year Period (2004-2006) in Gyeonggi-do (Province). South Korea, Korean J Parasitol. 2009; 47(3): 303-5. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.303
  22. Cheun HI, Cho SH, Lee JH, Lim YY, Jeon JH, Yu JR, et al. Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2010;48(2):113-120. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113
  23. Yu JR, Seo M. Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum. Korean J Parasitol. 2004; 42(1): 45-7. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.45
  24. Park BK, Cho SW, Kim HS, Satoshi K. Prevalence of cat Cryptosporidiosis in Taejon area. J Vet Sci. 1996; 4(1): 39-45.
  25. Kim JT, Wee SH, Lee CG. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in canine fecal samples by immunofluorescence assay. Korean J Parasitol. 1998; 36(2): 147-9. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.2.147
  26. Chung HM, Oh DH. Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts in Korean rivers and the effect of sample matrix. J Korean Soc Water Quality. 2006; 22(2): 271-6.
  27. Lee MY, Cho EJ, Lee JH, Han SH, Park YS. A survey of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies during a 10-year period (2000-2009) in Seoul, South Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2010; 48(3): 219-224. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.219
  28. Park SJ, Kim JM, Kim TS, Chung DI, Lee MY, Nam SH, et al. Distributional characteristics of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw water of large water treatment facility in Korea. J Korean Soc Water Quality. 2010; 26(2): 261-7.
  29. Hashimoto A, Hirata T. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Sagami river and its tributaries. J Water Environ Tech. 1998; 21(2); 119-122.
  30. Lee MY, Cho EJ, Kim DY, Lee EK, Oh SJ, Ahn SK. Improvement of validity and efficiency for detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia cysts in environmental water samples. Korean J Microbiol. 2003; 39(1): 27-35.
  31. LeChevallier MW, Giovanni GD, Clancy JL, Bukhari Z, Bukhari S, Jeffrey S, et al. Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in source waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69(2): 971-9. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.2.971-979.2003
  32. World Health Organization. Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water : WHO/HSE/ WSH/09.04. 2009. p. 28-66.
  33. Dugan NR, Fox KR, Owens JH, Miltner RJ. Controling Cryptosporidium oocysts using conventional treatment. J Am Water Works Assoc. 2000; 92(12): 64-76.
  34. Niminski EC, Bellamy WD, Moss LR. Using surrogates to improve plant performance. J Am Water Works Assoc. 2000; 92(3): 67-78.
  35. Park SJ, Chung HM, Choi HJ, Jun YS, Kim TS, Chung DI. Evaluation on removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium using surrogate in pilot plant of conventional water treatment process. J Korean Soc Water Quality. 2010; 26(3): 399-405.
  36. Lee MY, Cho EJ, Byun SH, Kim TH, Oh SJ. Evaluation on removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts by flocculation and sedimentation. Korean J KSEE. 2004; 26(4): 397-403.
  37. Regli S, Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP. Modeling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. J Am Water Works Assoc. 1991; 83: 76-84.
  38. Roseberry AM, Burmaster DE. Lognormal distributions for water intake by children and adults. Risk Anal. 1992; 12: 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb01312.x
  39. Mons MN, van der Wielen JM, Blokker EJ, Sinclair MI, Hulshof KF, Dangendorf F, et al. Estimation of the consumption of cold tap water for microbiological risk assessment: an overview of studies and statistical analysis of data. J Water Health. 2007; 5(Suppl1): 151-170. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.141

Cited by

  1. Establishment of Resilient Infrastructures for the Mitigation of an Urban Water Problem: 2. Robustness Assessment of Structural Alternatives for the Problems of Water Pollution vol.3, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.17820/eri.2016.3.3.182
  2. Development of a Harmonization Standard for Biosafety Risk Assessment of Infectious Disease Laboratories using Management Consulting Methodology vol.40, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2014.40.3.187