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A Ecological Study of Phytoplankton Community in the Geum River Estuary

금강 하구 기수역 식물플랑크톤 군집의 생태학적 연구

  • Shin, Yoon Keun (Department of Environmental Engineering, Sangji University)
  • 신윤근 (상지대학교 환경공학과)
  • Received : 2013.11.05
  • Accepted : 2013.12.16
  • Published : 2013.12.31

Abstract

After the construction of the Geum River estuary dam, we investigated the ecological property of phytoplankton community with physicochemical property in 9 stations of Geum River estuary 4 times seasonally in 2010 about the environmental changes through the change of phytoplankton. Physicochemical property seems to show eutrophication which developed from the tendency of accruing of the nutrients (those involved in intermittency of freshwater which flows from the dike and the surrounding cities), caused by the changing of tidal flow, the decreasing of the inflow of seawater after the construction of the Geum River estuary dam (dike). A total of 233 species of species composition of phytoplankton emerged, showing a highly increased result compared to that of the former research. The reason for the increase in number is considered as a phenomenon resulting from the mix of blackish and freshwater marine species in the flow of intermittency of freshwater discharge. Also, the standing crops of phytoplankton considerably increased compared to when the dike had not yet been built. Highly affected by the discharge of occasional freshwater, the diatoms of blackish water zone dominated in spring and winter, while freshwater species appeared to dominate in summer and autumn. The species diversity showed over 2.0 except in winter season. After a cluster analysis, the result showed that the Geum River estuary was influenced by runoff from cities like Gunsan, the sewage which flows from Gyeongpo River, and the intermittency of freshwater discharge from the Geum River estuary dam.

금강 하구언의 건설 이후 환경변화를 모니터링하기 위해 계절별로 4회(2010년 4월, 7월, 10월, 12월) 금강하구역의 9개 정점에서 이화학적 특성과 함께 식물플랑크톤 군집을 조사하였다. 금강하구기수역의 이화학적 특성은 금강 하구언이 건설된 이후에 조석 흐름이 변화되어 해수 유입이 약해지므로 금강이나 경포천을 통해 유입되는 담수에 의해 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 영양염의 경우 금강하구언 건설 이후 갑문이 폐쇄된 이후 최대조류의 크기가 감소하고 부분 순환형으로 바뀌면서 군산과 장항과 같은 주변 도시의 도시 유출수와 경포천에서 유입되는 생활하수 그리고 금강하구언에서 유입되는 주기적 담수에 포함된 영양염이 기수역 내부에 축적되는 경향을 보여 그 농도가 이전보다 높아진 것으로 여져진다. 따라서 식물플랑크톤의 성장에 영향을 주어 부영양화될 수 있는 가능성이 커지는 것으로 여겨진다. 식물플랑크톤의 종조성은 총 233종류가 출현하여 이전 연구결과에 비해 큰 폭으로 증가하였는데 해양종과 기수종 그리고 주기적 담수 방류에 의해 유입된 담수종이 혼재하는 현상으로 인해 출현종의 수가 증가한 것으로 사료된다. 출현종 중에 가장 중요한 종군은 규조류로 72%의 높은 점유율을 보였다. 담수종인 녹조류가 규조류 다음으로 많이 출현하였고 해양에서 중요한 분류군인 와편모류는 녹조류보다 적었다. 해양종인 와편모조류 보다 담수종인 녹조류가 더 많은 종이 출현하는 것은 주기적인 담수의 방류와 경포천 등에서 유입되는 담수에 포함된 담수종들이 금강 하구역의 식물플랑크톤 종조성에 영향을 주기 때문으로 사료된다. 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 $143\;cells\;mL^{-1}{\sim}12,016\;cells\;mL^{-1}$의 범위로 평균 현존량은 $2,010\;cells\;mL^{-1}$이었다. 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 하구언 건설 이전에 비해 상당히 증가한 것으로 금강하구 기수역이 부영양화되었음을 시사하고 있다. 봄철과 겨울철에는 기수역 규조류들이 우점하였으나 여름과 가을에는 담수종들이 우점종으로 나타나 비정기적 담수의 방류의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 종다양성지수는 동계를 제외하고는 2.0 이상으로 나타났다. 종풍부도는 저층에서 더 다양한 종이 출현하고 있음을 잘 나타내고 있다. 가을철에는 금강 하구언으로부터 담수가 방류되어 담수종들이 추가되어 종풍부도를 커지고, 여름철에는 수온이 높아지면서 밀도가 큰 규조류들은 적어지고 작은 편모류가 증가하지만 종의 수는 많지 않아 담수의 영향을 받음에도 불구하고 다른 계절에 비해 종 풍부도는 낮았다. 모든 계절에 저층에서 종 풍부도가 높게 나타나는 것은 표층에 비해 염분 쇄기에 의해 해양종, 기수종 및 담수종이 혼재될 가능성이 크고 조류의 영향으로 저층 퇴적물이 재부유될 때 저생성 규조류가 더해지기 때문이다. 집괴분석 결과 금강하구역은 군산 등 도시에서 나오는 생활하수와 경포천을 통해 유입되는 담수 그리고 금강하구언으로부터의 주기적인 담수의 방류에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 보여진다.

Keywords

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