References
- Antonicelli L, Bucca C, Neri M, De Benedetto F, Sabbatani P, Bonifazi F, et al. Asthma severity and medical resource utilisation. Eur Respir J 2004;23:723-9. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00004904
- Moore WC, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, Erzurum SC, Ameredes BT, Bacharier L, et al. Characterization of the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:405-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.639
- Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, Boushey HA, Cherniack RM, Chinchilli VM, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:410-8. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.122635
- Lotvall J, Akdis CA, Bacharier LB, Bjermer L, Casale TB, Custovic A, et al. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:355-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.037
- Bacharier LB, Strunk RC, Mauger D, White D, Lemanske RF Jr, Sorkness CA. Classifying asthma severity in children: mismatch between symptoms, medication use, and lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:426-32. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200308-1178OC
- Lang AM, Konradsen J, Carlsen KH, Sachs-Olsen C, Mowinckel P, Hedlin G, et al. Identifying problematic severe asthma in the individual child: does lung function matter? Acta Paediatr 2010;99:404-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01625.x
- Busse WW, Banks-Schlegel S, Wenzel SE. Pathophysiology of severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:1033-42. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.111307
- Fitzpatrick AM, Teague WG, Meyers DA, Peters SP, Li X, Li H, et al. Heterogeneity of severe asthma in childhood: confirmation by cluster analysis of children in the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:382-9.e1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.015
- Fitzpatrick AM, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bacharier LB. Severe asthma in childhood: recent advances in phenotyping and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;12:193-201. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32835090ac
- Zeiger RS, Chipps BE, Haselkorn T, Rasouliyan L, Simons FE, Fish JE. Comparison of asthma exacerbations in pediatric and adult patients with severe or difficult-to-treat asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:1106-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.052
- Gelfand EW. Pediatric asthma: a different disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6:278-82. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200808-090RM
- Fitzpatrick AM, Gaston BM, Erzurum SC, Teague WG; National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program. Features of severe asthma in school-age children: atopy and increased exhaled nitric oxide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:1218-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.019
- Tillie-Leblond I, Deschildre A, Gosset P, de Blic J. Difficult childhood asthma: management and future. Clin Chest Med 2012;33:485-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2012.05.006
- Sporik R, Holgate ST, Platts-Mills TA, Cogswell JJ. Exposure to house-dust mite allergen (Der p I) and the development of asthma in childhood: a prospective study. N Engl J Med 1990;323:502-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199008233230802
- Kraft M, Cassell GH, Henson JE, Watson H, Williamson J, Marmion BP, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:998-1001. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9711092
- Fitzpatrick AM, Teague WG. Severe asthma in children: insights from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol 2010;23:131-8. https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2010.0021
- Brasier AR, Victor S, Ju H, Busse WW, Curran-Everett D, Bleecker E, et al. Predicting intermediate phenotypes in asthma using bronchoalveolar lavage-derived cytokines. Clin Transl Sci 2010;3:147-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-8062.2010.00204.x
- Fitzpatrick AM, Higgins M, Holguin F, Brown LA, Teague WG; National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program. The molecular phenotype of severe asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:851-7.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.048
- Poon AH, Eidelman DH, Martin JG, Laprise C, Hamid Q. Pathogenesis of severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:625-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03983.x
- Wenzel SE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY, Sloan SI, Rex MD, Martin RJ. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma; persistent inflammation associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(3 Pt 1):737-43. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.9610046
- Jenkins HA, Cool C, Szefler SJ, Covar R, Brugman S, Gelfand EW, et al. Histopathology of severe childhood asthma: a case series. Chest 2003;124:32-41. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.1.32
- Bossley CJ, Fleming L, Gupta A, Regamey N, Frith J, Oates T, et al. Pediatric severe asthma is characterized by eosinophilia and remodeling without T(H)2 cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129:974-82.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.059
- Gupta S, Siddiqui S, Haldar P, Raj JV, Entwisle JJ, Wardlaw AJ, et al. Qualitative analysis of high-resolution CT scans in severe asthma. Chest 2009;136:1521-8.. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-0174
- Anderson GP. Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet 2008;372:1107-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61452-X
- Wenzel S. Severe asthma: from characteristics to phenotypes to endotypes. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:650-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03929.x
- O'Byrne PM, Naji N, Gauvreau GM. Severe asthma: future treatments. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:706-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03965.x
- Jarjour NN, Erzurum SC, Bleecker ER, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Comhair SA, et al. Severe asthma: lessons learned from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:356-62. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201107-1317PP
- Jenkins HA, Cherniack R, Szefler SJ, Covar R, Gelfand EW, Spahn JD. A comparison of the clinical characteristics of children and adults with severe asthma. Chest 2003;124:1318-24. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.4.1318
- Fitzpatrick AM, Teague WG; National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. Progressive airflow limitation is a feature of children with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:282-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.036
- Sorkness RL, Teague WG, Penugonda M, Fitzpatrick AM; National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. Sex dependence of airflow limitation and air trapping in children with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:1073-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1079
- Bisgaard H, Bonnelykke K. Long-term studies of the natural history of asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:187-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.011
- Lee JH, Haselkorn T, Chipps BE, Miller DP, Wenzel SE; Tenor Study Group. Gender differences in IgE-mediated allergic asthma in the epidemiology and natural history of asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR) study. J Asthma 2006;43:179-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770900600566405
Cited by
- Severe Asthma Phenotyping: The Applicability of Current Proposols in Daily Practice vol.1, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2014.01.00003
- The Role and Immunobiology of Eosinophils in the Respiratory System: a Comprehensive Review vol.50, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-015-8526-3
- Heterogeneity of Childhood Asthma in Korea: Cluster Analysis of the Korean Childhood Asthma Study Cohort vol.13, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2021.13.1.42