헤리티지:역사와 과학 (Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science)
- 제45권2호
- /
- Pages.20-37
- /
- 2012
- /
- 3022-8085(pISSN)
DOI QR Code
구주오소경과 명주(하서주) - 그 도시구조를 중심으로 -
9 Provinces and 5 Secondary Capitals, Myeong-ju(Haseo-ju) - Revolve Around Urban Structure -
- 야마다 타카후미 (일본 나라현청)
- Takahumi, Yamada (Nara Prefecture)
- 투고 : 2012.04.04
- 심사 : 2012.05.21
- 발행 : 2012.06.30
초록
신라는 문무왕 18년(678) 당나라군이 철수함에 따라 명실공히 한반도를 통일한 뒤, 그 판도를 중국 지방행정구획 제도를 모방하여 아홉 개의 주로 구분하고, 거기에 소경 군 현을 배치한 지방행정 조직을 정비하였다. 이른바 9주5소경(九州五小京)이라 불리는 지방행정제도이다. 주는 현재의 대한민국(이하 한국)의 도(道)에 해당하며, 소경은 광역시에 해당하는 것이다. 그 수는 "삼국사기" 신라본기 경덕왕 16년(757) 겨울 12월조에 의하면 5소경, 117군, 293현에 이른다 통일신라시대의 지방도시인 9주5소경(九州五小京)의 연구는 문헌사학 중심으로 이루어져, 주성(州城)과 소경성(小京城)의 위치와 그 도시구조에 대해서는 지금껏 크게 논의되었던 적이 없어 명확치 않은 점이 많다. 고고학적 도시구조의 복원연구는 박태우의 논고("통일신라시대의 지방도시에 대한 연구" 1987년)와 필자의 논고("新の九州五小京城郭の構造と實態について-統一新による計畵都市の復元硏究-"2009년) 정도이다. 강원도 강릉시는 원래 예(濊)의 고국(古國)으로 고구려의 하서량(河西良)이었다. "삼국사기(三國史記)"에 따르면 선덕왕 8년(639)에 북소경 하서양주(北小京; 河西良州))으로 되었는데, 무열왕 5년(658)에 하서주(河西州)로 소경에서 주로 바뀌었다. 이후 경덕왕 16년(757)에는 명주로 개칭되었고 그 뒤, 고려시대 이후로도 명칭은 여러 가지로 변하였다. 박태우는 나성 흔적이 남은 도시로 분류하여 명주동에 있었던 성지로 비정하고 있는데, 현재는 시가지화로 인하여 확인할 수가 없다고 한다. 또한 관동대학교에서는 강릉시 중심부로부터 서남서 약 3km에 위치하는 명주산성을 주치(州治)로 보는 설을 제시하고 있다. 필자는 일제시대의 측량도에서 볼 수 있는 유존(遺存) 토지구획로 보아 경주시의 신라금경이나 다른 많은 도시와 같이 방격의 가구, 즉 방리(坊里)를 갖춘 도시로 복원하였다. 다음은 그 구조에 대해 서술하였다. 강릉의 시가지는 시내를 남서에서 북동으로 흐르는 남대천의 왼쪽 기슭 평탄지에 위치하고 있다. 부근에 그다지 높은 산은 없으나 시가지의 북측에는 산이 동서로 이어져 있으며, 남대천으로부터의 평지부분 너비는 최대가 1km 정도로 그다지 넓지는 않다. 현재는 강릉시의 중심부로 시가지화가 진행되어 강릉역을 중심으로 한 방사상의 구획정리 등도 이루어져 옛 토지구획이 거의 소멸된 상태이다. 그러나 일제시대의 지형도 등을 보면 시가지 중심부인 옥천동, 임당동, 금학동, 명주동 등의 일대에 한 변 약 190m를 기본으로 하는 방격의 토지구획이 북서-남동에 약 0. 8km, 북동-남서에 약 1. 7km의 범위로 잔존하고 있는 것이 확인 가능하다. 방격의 유존 토지구획은 다른 9주5소경(九州五小京)의 사례를 통해 보면 통일신라에 의한 것일 가능성이 높은 것으로 생각된다. 단, 방격 한 변의 길이가 190m로 신라의 금경이나 다른 도시유적에서 볼 수 있는 한 변 160m나 140m의 규격과는 다르다는 점이 앞으로의 검토과제이다. 토지구획의 방위는 지형에 준하여 북서-남동 축에서 북쪽으로부터 약
After withdrawal of military troops of Chinese Tang dynasty in the 18th year of King Moon-moo's reign(678), the Silla Kingdom had actually unified the Korean peninsula and had divided the territory into 9 states benchmarking the China's local administrations adjustment system. He had established local administrative units by deploying secondary capitals, counties and prefectures in the nine states. The so-called "9 Provinces and 5 Secondary capitals" are what constitutes the local administrations system. The provinces can be compared to current provinces of the Republic of Korea(hereinafter Korea), and secondary capitals to megalopolises. According to a chapter of the Samkuksaki(三?史記) which had recorded the achievements of king Kyoungdeok in December in his 16th year on the throne(757), the local administrative units had amounted to 5 secondary capitals, 117 counties and 293 prefectures. There are still lots of ambiguous points since there have never been any consultation on locations of provinces and secondary capitals' castles, and on structures of cities because the researches for local cities inside the 9 Provinces and 5 Secondary capitals in the Unified Silla Kingdom has been conducted centering on the historic literatures only. The research for restoring structures of cities seen from an archeological perspective are limited to the studies of Taewoo Park("A study on the local cities in the Unified Kingdom Age" 1987) and that of the author("A study on the restoration of planned cities for the Unified Silla Kingdom in terms of the structures and realities of the castles in the 9 Provinces and 5 Secondary capitals" 2009). The Gangneung city of Gangwon province was originally called Haseoryang(河西良) of the Gogureo Kingdom as an ancient nation of Ye(濊). According to "Samkuksaki", it had evolved from Haseoju(河西州) to a secondary capitals in the 8th year of King Seonduk(639). Afterwards, it had been renamed as Myeongju(溟洲) in the 16th year of King Kyoungduk(757), and then several other names were given to it after Goryo dynasty. Taewoo Park claims that it is being defined as a sanctuary remaining in Myoungjudong because of the vestige of bare castle, and this cannot be ascertained due to the on-going urbanization processes. Also, the Kwandong university authority is suggesting an opinion of regarding Myeongju mountain castle located 3 Kms southwest of the center of Gangwon city as commanding post for the pertinent state. The author has restored the pertinent area into a city composed of villages within a lattice framework like Silla Keumkyoung and many other cities. The structure is depicted next. The downtown of Gangneung is situated on a flat terrain at the west bank of Namdaecheon stream flowing southwest to northeast along the inner area of the city. Though there isn't any hill comparatively higher than others in the vicinity, hills are continuously linked east to west along the northern area of the downtown, and the maximum width of flat terrain is about 1 Km and is not so large. Currently, urbanization is being proceeded into the inner portion of Gangneung city, the lands in all directions from the hub of Gangneung station have been readjusted, and thus previous land-zoning program is almost nullified. However, referring to the topographic chart drawn at the time of Japanese colonial rule, it can be validated that land-zoning program to accord the lattice framework with the length of its one side equaling to 190m leaves its vestige about 0.8Km northwest to southeast and about 1.7Km northeast to southwest of the vicinity of Okcheondong, Imdangdong, Geumhakdong, Myeongjudong, and etcetera which comprize the hub of the downtown. The land-zoning vestige within the lattice framework, compared to other cases related with the '9 states and 5 secondary capitals', is very much likely to be that of the Unified Silla Kingdom. That the length of a side of a lattice framework is 190m as opposed to that of Silla Geumkyoung and other cities with their 140m or 160m long sides is a single survey item in the future. The baseline direction for zoning the lands is tilting approximately 37.5 degrees west of northwest to southeast axis in accordance with the topographic features. It seems that this phenomenon takes place because of the direction of Namdaecheon and the geographic constraints of the hills in the north. Reviewing minimally, a rectangular size of zoned land by 4 Pangs(坊) on the northwest to southeast side multiplied by 7 Pangs(坊) on the northeast to southwest side had been restored within a lattice framework. Otherwise, considering the extent of expansion of the existing zoned lands in the lattice framework and one more Pang(坊) being added to each side, it is likely that the size could have been with 5 Pangs(坊) on the northwest to southeast side multiplied by 8 Pangs(坊) on the northeast to southwest side(950 M on the northwest to southeast side multiplied by 1,520m on the northeast to southwest side). The overall shape is rectangle, but land-zoning programs reminiscent of rebuilt roads(red phoenix road) like Jang-an castle(長安城) of Chinese Tang dynasty or Pyoungseong castle(平城城) in Japan is not to be validated. There are some historic items among the roof tiles and earthen wares excavated at local administrative office sites or Gangneung's town castle in Joseon dynasty inside the area assumed to be containing municipal vestiges even though archeological survey for the vestige of Myeongju has not been made yet, and these items deserve dating back to the Unified Silla Kingdom age. Also, all of the construction sites at local administrative authorities of the Joseon dynasty are showing large degrees of slant in the azimuth. This is a circumstantial evidence indicating the fact that the inherited land-zoning programs to be seen in Gangneung in terms of the lattice framework had ever existed in the past. Also, the author does not decline that Myeongju mountain castle had once been the commanding post when reviewing the roof tiles at the edge of eaves in this stronghold. The ancient municipal castles in the Korean peninsula are composed of castles on the flat terrain as well as hilly areas and the cluster of strongholds like Myounghwal, Namhan, Seohyoung mountain castles built around municipal castle of Geumkyoung based on a lattice framework program. Considering that mountain castles are spread in the vicinity of municipal vestiges in other cities other than the 9 states and 5 secondary capitals, it is estimated that Myeongju was assuming the function of commanding post incorporating cities on the flat terrain and castles on the hills.
키워드