Biomolecules & Therapeutics

The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology (한국응용약물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Pharmacology of Actoprotectors: Practical Application for Improvement of Mental and Physical Performance

  • Oliynyk, Sergiy (Department of Neuroscience and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Oh, Sei-Kwan (Department of Neuroscience and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University)
  • Received : 2012.08.22
  • Accepted : 2012.09.15
  • Published : 2012.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Actoprotectors are preparations that enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption or heat production. Or, in short, actoprotectors are synthetic adaptogens with a significant capacity to improve physical performance. This paper explores the history of actoprotectors' development, their pharmacological properties, mechanism of action, and practical application to the improvement of mental and physical performance. A brief summary of the clinico-pharmacological characteristics of the main representatives of this class (bemitil and bromantane) is provided. Some other synthesized compounds, and even natural ones such as ginseng, also are regarded as potential actoprotectors, and these are treated herein as well. Actoprotectors, owing to their wide-ranging pharmacological activities, high efficiency and safety, can be applied under either normal or extreme conditions.

Keywords

References

  1. Akilov, M., Bobrovnyk, V. I., Gunina, L., Danko, V., Dryukov, V., Zemtsova, I., Lysenko, Y., Oliynyk, S., Pavlenko, Y., Platonov, V. and Shynkaruk, O. (2007) Methods recommendations on the problems of preparation of Ukrainian athletes to the Games of XXIX Olympiad 2008 in Beijing. Science in Olympic Sports special issue, 1-170.
  2. Aleksandrovskii, Iu. A., Bobkov Iu. G., Neznamov, G. G., Serebriakova, T. V. and Boiko, S. S. (1988) Use of the new psychotropic preparation bemitil in treating asthenic disorders (clinico-pharmacological research). Zh. Nevropatol. Psikhiatr. Im. S. S. Korsakova. 88, 109-115.
  3. Allen, J. D., McLung, J., Nelson, A. G. and Welsch, M. (1998) Ginseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performance. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17, 462-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1998.10718795
  4. Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Sitja-Bobadilla, A., Bermudez, R. and Quiroga, M. I. (2006) Levamisole activates several innate immune factors in Scophthalmus maximus (L.) Teleostei. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 19, 727-738. https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200601900403
  5. Arutyunyan, R. M., Sarkisyan, T. F., Oganesyan, G. G. and Durnev, A. D. (1994) Comparative investigation of anticlastogenic effects in cell cultures of healthy donors and patients with nettle-rash. Mutat. Res. 320, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(94)90086-8
  6. Attele, A. S., Wu, J. A. and Yuan, C. S. (1999) Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58, 1685-1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00212-9
  7. Bloomer, R. J. and Goldfarb, A. H. (2004) Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 29, 245-263. https://doi.org/10.1139/h04-017
  8. Bloomer, R. J., Goldfarb, A. H., Wideman, L., McKenzie, M. J. and Consitt, L. A. (2005) Effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood markers of oxidative stress. J. Strength. Cond. Res. 19, 276-285.
  9. Bloomer, R. J. and Smith, W. A. (2009) Oxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementation. Res. Sports Med. 17, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620802678289
  10. Bobkov, Iu. G. and Epishkin, A. K. (1988) Effect of actoprotectors on the work capacity of operators during modeling of various factors of space flight. Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med. 22, 20-23.
  11. Bogdan, N. G., Kolotilinskaia, N. V., Nadorov, S. A., Iarkova, M. A. and Badyshtov, B. A. (2011) Effect of afobazole on the psychophysiological state of healthy volunteers. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 74, 8-12.
  12. Boǐko, S. S., Bobkov, Iu. G., Neznamov, G. G. and Serebriakova, T. V. (1986) Pharmacokinetics and the clinical effect of bemitil after a single administration. Farmakol. Toksikol. 49, 17-20.
  13. Boiko, S. S., Bobkov, Iu. G., Dobrokhotova, T. A., Kniazeva, N. A. and Neznamov, G. G. (1987a) Experimental and clinical data on the ability of bemetil to penetrate the hemato-encephalic barrier. Farmakol. Toksikol. 50, 79-81.
  14. Boiko, S. S., Bobkov, Iu. G., Zherdev, V. P. and Dvorianinov, A. A. (1987b) Bemetil pharmacokinetics in an experiment on rats. Farmakol. Toksikol. 50, 54-56.
  15. Boiko, S. S., Zherdev, V. P. and Neznamov, G. G. (1991) The role of bemitil pharmacokinetics in realizing its therapeutic efficacy. Farmakol. Toksikol. 54, 64-66.
  16. Bors, W., Michel, C., Saran, M. and Lengfelder, E. (1978) The involvement of oxygen radicals during the autoxidation of adrenalin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 540, 162-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(78)90445-2
  17. Burnat, P., Payen, A., Le Brumant-Payen, C., Hugon, M. and Ceppa, F. (1997). Bromontan, a new doping agent. Lancet 350, 963-964.
  18. Chen, L. Y., Lin, Y. L. and Chiang, B. L. (2008) Levamisole enhances immune response by affecting the activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 151, 174-181.
  19. Choi, K. T. (2008) Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 29, 1109-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00869.x
  20. Christensen, L. P. (2009) Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 55, 1-99.
  21. Daugel'-Dauge, N. O., Durnev, A. D., Kulakova, A. V., Seredenin, S. B. and Velichkovskii, B. T. (1995) Corpuscular mutagenesis and its prevention. Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk. 1, 29-38.
  22. De Feo, P., Di Loreto, C., Lucidi, P., Murdolo, G., Parlanti, N., De Cicco, A., Piccioni, F. and Santeusanio, F. (2003) Metabolic response to exercise. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26, 851-854. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03345235
  23. Diliberto, E. J. Jr. and Allen, P. L. (1981) Mechanism of dopamine-beta-hydroxylation. Semidehydroascorbate as the enzyme oxidation product of ascorbate. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3385-3393.
  24. Dillard, C. J., Litov, R. E., Savin, W. M., Dumelin, E. E. and Tappel, A. L. (1978) Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J. Appl. Physiol. 45, 927-932. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1978.45.6.927
  25. Dubovik, B. V. and Bogomazov, S. D. (1987) Multifactorial method for assessing the physical work capacity of mice. Farmakol. Toksikol. 50, 116-121.
  26. Engels, H. J. and Wirth, J. C. (1997) No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exercise. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 97, 1110-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00271-X
  27. Engels, H. J., Kolokouri, I., Cieslak, T. J. 2nd, and Wirth, J. C. (2001) Effects of ginseng supplementation on supramaximal exercise performance and short-term recovery. J. Strength Cond. Res. 15, 290-295.
  28. Fabrizi, F., Dixit, V., Messa, P. and Martin, P. (2010) Meta-analysis: levamisole improves the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04410.x
  29. Fisher-Wellman, K. and Bloomer, R. J. (2009) Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. Dyn Med. 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5918-8-1
  30. Fournier, P. A., Brau, L., Ferreira, L. D., Fairchild, T., Raja, G., James, A. and Palmer, T. N. (2002) Glycogen resynthesis in the absence of food ingestion during recovery from moderate or high intensity physical activity: novel insights from rat and human studies. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 133, 755-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00254-4
  31. Gaivoronskaia, V. V., Okovityi, S. V., Shustov, E. B. and Smirnov, A. V. (2000) Effects of bemethyl, ethomersol, and yakton on the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 63, 34-36.
  32. Gavreev, A. I., Marysheva, V. V. and Shabanov, P. D. (2010) The actoprotective action of thiazoloindole antihypoxic agents. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 73, 25-30.
  33. Grandhi, A., Mujumdar, A. M. and Patwardhan, B. (1994) A comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha and Ginseng. J. Ethnopharmacol. 44, 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01119-2
  34. Iasnetsov, V. V., Tsublova, E. G., Karsanova, S. K. and Skachilova, S. I. (2011) Actoprotective and antihypoxic action of new heteroaromatic antioxidants. Aviakosm. Ekolog. Med. 45, 51-54.
  35. Iezhitsa, I. N., Spasov, A. A., Bugaeva, L. I. and Morozov, I. S. (2002) Toxic effect of single treatment with bromantane on neurological status of experimental animals. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 133, 380-383. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016206306875
  36. Jung, K., Kim, I. H. and Han, D. (2004) Effect of medicinal plant extracts on forced swimming capacity in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.022
  37. Khasina, E. I., Sgrebneva, M. N., Yermak, I. M. and Gorbach, V. I. (2005) Chitosan and nonspecific resistance of an organism. Vestnik DVO RAN (Herald of Far East Department of Russian Academy of Sciences) 1, 62-71.
  38. Kibal'chich, D. A., Belolipetskaia, V. G., Blagodatskikh, S. V., Martsevich, S., Rudenko, L. I. and Iatsuk, V. R. (2011) Pharmacokinetics of domestic actoprotector drug Metaprot in healthy volunteers. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 74, 30-32.
  39. Kim, S. H., Park, K. S., Chang, M. J. and Sung, J. H. (2005) Effects of Panax ginseng extract on exercise-induced oxidative stress. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 45, 178-182.
  40. Kol's, O. R., Limarenko, I. M. and Tarusov, B. N. (1966) Formation of free radicals in nerve fiber under stimulation. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 167, 956-957.
  41. Kosolapov, V. A., Ostrovskii, O. V. and Spasov, A. A. (1996) The protective action of ethomersol in acute hypobaric hypoxia and during the recovery after it. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 59, 51-53.
  42. Kostka, T. (1999) Aging, physical activity and free radicals. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski. 7, 202-204.
  43. Krasikov, S. I. (1988) Lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscles of rats during maximum physical exertion and its correction by ionol. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh. 60, 100-103.
  44. Kulaputana, O., Thanakomsirichot, S. and Anomasiri, W. (2007) Ginseng supplementation does not change lactate threshold and physical performances in physically active Thai men. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 90, 1172-1179.
  45. Kurochka, A. V., Agafonova, O. V., Losev, A. S., Mamaeva, E. A., Bylikin, S. Y., Negrebetsky, V. V., Kramarova, E. P., Shipov, A. G. and Baukov, Y. I. (1998) Six- and seven-membered 1-oxa-4-aza-2-silacyclanes as possible correctors of adaptational mechanisms. Met. Based Drugs 5, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1155/MBD.1998.25
  46. Liang, M. T., Podolka, T. D. and Chuang, W. J. (2005) Panax notoginseng supplementation enhances physical performance during endurance exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200502000-00019
  47. Litvintsev, S. V., Davydov, A. T., Uspenskii, Iu. P., Zagrebel'nyi, I. A. and Balukova, E. V. (2007) Using of aphobazol in the treatment of adaptation disorder in the contract service men, dismissed from the armed forces. Voen. Med. Zh. 328, 28-29.
  48. Lobzin, V. S., Saikova, L. A., Chukhlovina, M. L. and Pustozerov, V. G. (1992) The use of bemitil in patients with progressive muscular dystrophies. Lik Sprava 4, 85-87.
  49. Makarov, V. I., Tiurenkov, I. N., Klauchek, S. V., Nalivaiko, I. and Antipova, A. (1997) The enhancement of human thermal resistance by the single use of bemitil and fenibut. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 60, 68-71.
  50. Marzatico, F., Pansarasa, O., Bertorelli, L., Somenzini, L. and Della Valle, G. (1997) Blood free radical antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxides following long-distance and lactacidemic performances in highly trained aerobic and sprint athletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 37, 235-239.
  51. Mironova, O. P., Zarubina, I. V. and Shabanov, P. D. (2003) Ethomerzol as an antioxidant. Biomed. Khim. 49, 434-442.
  52. Morozov, I. S. and Ivanova, I. A. (2001) Actoprotector and adaptogen properties of adamantane derivatives (a review). Pharmaceut. Chem. J. 35, 235-238. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011905302667
  53. Morozov, I. S., Klimova, N. V., Sergeeva, S. A., Ivanova, I. A., Barchukov, V. G., Kovalev, G. I., Piatin, B. M. and Avdiunina, N. I. (1999) Adamantane derivatives enhancing body's resistance to emergencies. Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk. 3, 28-32.
  54. Morris, A. C., Jacobs, I., McLellan, T. M., Klugerman, A., Wang, L. C. and Zamecnik, J. (1996) No ergogenic effect of ginseng ingestion. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 6, 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.6.3.263
  55. Novikov, V. S. (1991) Efficiency of preventive use of bemethyl during long-term voyages. Gig. Sanit 3, 37-39.
  56. Novikov, V. S. and Bortnovskii, V. N. (1985) Effect of dibazol on indices of nonspecific resistance in human subjects in a hermetically sealed enclosure. Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med. 19, 68-71.
  57. Okovityi, S. V. and Gaivoronskaia, V. V. (2002) Immune mechanisms of hepatoprotector effects of etomersol and thymogen. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 65, 44-46.
  58. Oliynyk, S. (2009) A study of the influence of the dietary supplement $Antihot^{(R)}$ on the parameters of working capacity in athletes specializing in Kyokushin karate. Int. J. Appl. Sports Sciences 21, 48-63.
  59. Oliynyk, S., Koval, I., Vdovenko, N. and Babenko, L. (2009). Impact of the dietary supplement "Antihot" on the parameters of general endurance and antioxidant status of athlete's body. Sporto mokslas (Vilnius) 55, 28-33.
  60. Oliynyk, S. and Shevchenko, V. (2009) Ergogenic aids as a means for increasing athlete working capacity in the high altitude environment. Int. J. Appl. Sports Sciences 21, 61-73.
  61. Pastushenkov, V. A. and Badyshtov, B. A. (1995) Increase of human resistance to the effects of high ambient temperatures by using drugs. Med. Tr. Prom. Ekol. 9, 39-42.
  62. Ping, F. W., Keong, C. C. and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2011) Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment. Indian J. Med. Res. 133, 96-102.
  63. Plotnikov, M. B., Kobzeva, E. A. and Plotnikova, T. M. (1992) Antioxidant effects of antihypoxic drugs in cerebral ischemia. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 113, 504-506.
  64. Plotnikova, T. M., Kulakova, Z. V. and Plotnikov, M. B. (1991a) Effects of ethomersol on cerebrovascular blood circulation and oxygen metabolism of the brain in acute transient ischemia and recirculation. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 111, 386-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00840906
  65. Plotnikova, T. M., Plotnikov, M. B. and Bazhenova, T. G. (1991b) The evaluation of the efficacy of antihypoxic agents lowering hemoglobin oxygen affinity in acute cerebral ischemia. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 111, 170-172.
  66. Plotnikova, T. M., Firsov, N. N. and Baizova, O. E. (1992a) The mechanism of the prevention by ethomersol of disorders in erythrocyte deformability in cerebral ischemia and recirculation. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 55, 29-31.
  67. Plotnikova, T. M., Kulakova, Z. V., Smol'iakova, V. I. and Plotnikov, M. B. (1992b) The mechanisms of the ethomersol correction of postischemic hypoperfusion. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 55, 11-13.
  68. Ratnikov, V. I. and Nesterenko, V. G. (1984) Effect of a number of immunostimulating preparations on the intracellular bactericidal systems of peripheral blood neutrophils. Farmakol. Toksikol. 47, 81-84.
  69. Rennie, M. J. and Tipton, K. D. (2000) Protein and amino acid metabolism during and after exercise and the effects of nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20, 457-483. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.457
  70. Rusin, Vla. (1967) Influence of muscle training, adaptation to cold and dibazol administration on the resistance of certain tissues. Fiziol. Zh. SSSR Im. I. M. Sechenova. 53, 431-437.
  71. Rusin, Vla. (1962a) On adaptation to cold and heat in muscular training and in dibazol administration. Patol. Fiziol. Eksp. Ter. 6, 63-65.
  72. Rusin, Vla. (1962b) Role of the adaptation to low temperatures and dibazol in increased resistance of mice to adverse factors. Fiziol. Zh. SSSR Im. I. M. Sechenova. 48, 195-200
  73. Rusin, Vla. (1963a) The effect of dibazol and adaptation to muscular work and cold on animals with the Ehrlich tumor. Vopr Onkol. 18, 60-66.
  74. Rusin, Vla. (1963b) The effect of prolonged dibazol adminstration on the growth and resistance of white mice and their offspring. Fiziol. Zh. SSSR. Im. I. M. Sechenova. 49, 632-638.
  75. Rusin, Vla. (1963c) Resistance to cold and heat in animals receiving dibazol or subjected to muscular training and acclimatization. Fiziol. Zh. SSSR. Im. I. M. Sechenova. 49, 359-365.
  76. Sedov, A. V., Kustov, V. V., Surovtsev, N. A., Lukicheva, T. A., Akin'shin, A. V., Nazarov, L. and Stroganov, V. P. (1991) Use of bemitil for increasing the resistance of the human body to combined effects of carbon monoxide and heating microclimate. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 6, 12-14.
  77. Sedov, A. V., Lukicheva, T. A., Surovtsev, N. A., Akin'shin, A. V., Nazarov, L. and Miroshnik, S. V. (1993) Experimental rationale for the use of drugs to increase the resistance of the human body to the combined action of carbon monoxide and hyperthermia. Med. Tr. Prom. Ekol. 9-10, 10-11.
  78. Sedov, A. V., Surovtsev, N. A., Lukicheva, T. A. and Beliakova, I. P. (1999) Tactics of protection of humans in accidents associated with combined exposure to chemical and physical factors. Med. Tr. Prom. Ekol. 12, 34-37.
  79. Selamoglu, S., Turgay, F., Kayatekin, B. M., Gonenc, S. and Yslegen, C. (2000) Aerobic and anaerobic training effects on the antioxidant enzymes of the blood. Acta. Physiol. Hung. 87, 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.87.2000.3.5
  80. Seredenin, S. B., Bobkov Iu, G., Durnev, A. D. and Dubovskaia, O. (1986) Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of bemitil. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 102, 76-79.
  81. Sergeeva, S. A. and Gulyaeva, I. L. (2006) Distribution of bemitil in organs and tissues of rats after single or repeated administration. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 141, 596-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-006-0230-0
  82. Shabanov, P. D. (2009a) Chronicles of St. Petersburg pharmacology (on 210th anniversary of the Department of Pharmacology of the St. Petersburg State Military Medical Academy). Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 72, 46-51.
  83. Shabanov, P. D. (2009b) Clinical pharmacology of metaprot, a new antiasthenic drug with psychoactivating properties. Obzori po klinichaskoi farmakologii i lekarstvennoi terapii (Reviews on clinical pharmacology and drug therapy) (St.Petersburg) 7, 48-81.
  84. Shahnazarov, A. S. and Makhnovskii, V. P. (1991). Effect of bemitil on metabolic processes and work capacity at high altitude. Fiziol. Cheloveka. 17, 117-120.
  85. Sidorova, N. V. and Kiikova, O. I. (2000) Dibazol: a remedy for prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections among students of military colleges. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 6, 122-124.
  86. Spasov, A. A., Kovalev, G. V. and Tsibanev, A. V. (1990) Method of studying the effects of pharmacological substances on work capacity of animals in hypobaric hypoxia. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 110, 164-166.
  87. Syrov, V. N., Shakhmurova, G. A. and Khushbaktova, Z. A. (2008) Effects of phytoecdysteroids and bemithyl on functional, metabolic, and immunobiological parameters of working capacity in experimental animals. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 71, 40-43.
  88. Udintsev, S. N., Shakhov, V. P., Borovskoi, I. G. and Ibragimova, S. G. (1991) The effect of low concentrations of adaptogen solutions on the functional activity of murine bone marrow cells in vitro. Biofizika 36, 105-108.
  89. Uyanaev, A. A. and Fisenko, V. P. (2006) Studies of long-term noopept and afobazol treatment in rats with learned helplessness neurosis. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 142, 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-006-0327-5
  90. Vaizova, O. E., Plotnikova, T. M. and Plotnikov, M. B. (1994) The effect of ethomersol on local cerebral blood flow and edema of the brain tissue in chronic ischemia. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 57, 25-27.
  91. Viatleva, O. A., Barchukov, V. G., Morozov, I. S., Salenko, Iu. A. and Zhirnov, E. N. (2000) The neuro- and psychophysiological effects of bromantane. Voen. Med. Zh. 321, 61-65.
  92. Voces, J., Alvarez, A. I., Vila, L., Ferrando, A., Cabral de Oliveira, C. and Prieto, J. G. (1999) Effects of administration of the standardized Panax ginseng extract G115 on hepatic antioxidant function after exhaustive exercise. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 123, 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(99)00025-0
  93. Voskanian, N. A., Dzhikidze, E. K. and Pochkhura, M. A. (1986) Immunological status of monkeys during acclimatization and its correction with levamisole. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 3, 62-65.
  94. Wang, L. C. and Lee, T. F. (1998) Effect of ginseng saponins on exercise performance in non-trained rats. Planta. Med. 64, 130-133. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957389
  95. Yeh, T. S., Chan, K. H., Hsu, M. C. and Liu, J. F. (2011) Supplementation with soybean peptides, taurine, Pueraria isoflavone, and ginseng saponin complex improves endurance exercise capacity in humans. J. Med. Food 14, 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.1096
  96. Zarubina, I. V. and Mironova, O. P. (2002) Effect of bemethyl on the glutathione system in the rat liver in acute hypoxia. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol 65, 28-30.
  97. Zarubina, I. V. and Shabanov, P. D. (2005) The significance of individual resistance to hypoxia for correction of the consequences of craniocerebral trauma. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 35, 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-005-0016-2
  98. Zenina, T. A., Gavrish, I. V., Melkumyan, D. S., Seredenina, T. S. and Seredenin, S. B. (2005) Neuroprotective properties of afobazol in vitro. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 140, 194-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-005-0443-7
  99. Ziemba, A. W., Chmura, J., Kaciuba-Uscilko, H., Nazar, K., Wisnik, P. and Gawronski, W. (1999) Ginseng treatment improves psychomotor performance at rest and during graded exercise in young athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 9, 371-377. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.9.4.371

Cited by

  1. Ginsenoside-Rb1 ameliorates lithium-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity: Differential regulation of COX-2/PGE 2 pathway vol.84, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.106
  2. Detection of bemitil and its metabolite in urine by means of LC-MS/MS in view of doping control analysis pp.19427603, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2524
  3. Assessment of MT-279 compound effect on physical endurance of rats under conditions of chronic hypokinesia vol.30, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2017-0024
  4. Biochemical aspects of KB-28 compound on physically loaded study subjects vol.32, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.2478/cipms-2019-0030
  5. Nutraceutical Potential of Diet Drinks: A Critical Review on Components, Health Effects, and Consumer Safety vol.39, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1642811
  6. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications October-December 2020 vol.19, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1089/adt.2021.005
  7. The Inclusion in WADA Prohibited List Is Not Always Supported by Scientific Evidence: A Narrative Review vol.12, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.110753
  8. Plant Adaptogens-History and Future Perspectives vol.13, pp.8, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082861