Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Nutrition-induced Changes of Growth from Birth to First Calving and Its Impact on Mammary Development and First-lactation Milk Yield in Dairy Heifers: A Review

  • Lohakare, J.D. (College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Sudekum, K.H. (Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn) ;
  • Pattanaik, A.K. (Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Institute)
  • Received : 2012.05.22
  • Accepted : 2012.06.24
  • Published : 2012.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This review focuses on the nutritional effects from birth until age at first calving on growth, mammary developmental changes, and first-lactation milk yield in heifer calves. The advancement in the genetic potential and the nutritional requirements of the animals has hastened the growth rate. Genetic selection for high milk yield has suggested higher growth capacity and hence increasing nutritional inputs are required. Rapid rearing by feeding high energy or high concentrate diets not only reduces the age of sexual maturity but also lowers the time period of attaining the age of first calving. However, high energy diets may cause undesirable fat deposition thereby affecting future milk yield potential. Discrepancies exist whether overfed or overweight heifers at puberty can influence the mammary development and future milk yield potential and performance. The data on post-pubertal nutritional management suggested that body weight at calving and post-pubertal growth rate is important in first lactation milk yield. There is a continuous research need for strategic feeding that accelerates growth of dairy heifers without reduction in subsequent production. Nutritional management from birth, across puberty and during pregnancy is critical for mammary growth and for producing a successful cow. This review will mostly highlight studies carried out on dairy breeds and possible available opportunities to manipulate nutritional status from birth until age at first calving.

Keywords

References

  1. Abeni, F., L. Calamari, L. Stefanini and G. Pirlo. 2000. Effects of daily gain in pre- and postpubertal replacement dairy heifers on body condition score, body size, metabolic profile, and future milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1468-1478. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75019-3
  2. Akers, R. M. 2002. Lactation and the mammary gland. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
  3. Akers, R. M., A. V. Capuco and J. E. Keys. 2006. Mammary histology and alveolar cell differentiation during late gestation and early lactation in mammary tissue of beef and dairy heifers. Livest. Sci. 105:44-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.04.026
  4. Arije, G. F. and J. N. Wiltbank. 1971. Age and weight at puberty in Hereford heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 33:401-406.
  5. Bar-Peled, U., B. Robinzon, E. Maltz, H. Tagari, Y. Folman, I. Bruckental, H. Voet, H, Gacitua and A. R. Lehrer. 1997. Increased weight gain and effects on production parameters of Holstein heifer calves that were allowed to suckle from birth to 6 weeks of age. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2523-2528. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76205-2
  6. Bleach, E., M. Gould, N. Blackie and D. Beever. 2005. Growth performance of Holstein-Friesian heifer calves reared using three milk replacer feeding regimes. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Ed. P. C. Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. pp. 347-357.
  7. Brown, E. G., M. J. VandeHaar, K. M. Daniels, J. S. Liesman, L. T. Chapin, J. W. Forrest, R. M. Akers, R. E. Pearson and M. S. Weber Nielsen. 2005a. Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on mammary development in heifer calves. J. Dairy Sci. 88:595-603. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72723-5
  8. Brown, E. G., M. J. VandeHaar, K. M. Daniels, J. S. Liesman, L. T. Chapin, D. H. Keisler and M. S. Weber Nielsen. 2005b. Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on body growth and carcass composition of heifer calves. J. Dairy Sci. 88:585-594. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72722-3
  9. Buskirk, D. D., D. B. Faulkner, W. L. Hurley, D. J. Kesler, F. A. Ireland, T. G. Nash, J. C. Castree and J. L. Vicini. 1996. Growth, reproductive performance, mammary development, and milk production of beef heifers as influenced by prepubertal dietary energy and administration of bovine somatotropin. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2649-2662.
  10. Buskirk, D. D., D. B. Faulkner and F. A. Ireland. 1995. Increased postweaning gain of beef heifers enhances fertility and milk production. J. Anim. Sci. 73:937-946.
  11. Capuco, A. V., G. E. Dahl, D. L. Wood, U. Moallem and R. E. Erdman. 2004. Effect of bovine somatotropin and rumen-undegradable protein on mammary growth of prepubertal dairy heifers and subsequent milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3762-3769. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73514-6
  12. Capuco, A. V., S. E. Ellis, S. A. Hale, E. Long, R. A. Erdman, X. Zhao and M. J. Paape. 2003. Lactation persistency: Insights from mammary cell proliferation studies. J. Anim. Sci. 81:18-31.
  13. Capuco, A. V., J. J. Smith, D. R. Waldo and C. E. Rexroad. 1995. Influence of prepubertal dietary regimen on mammary growth of Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2709-2725. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76902-8
  14. Carson, A. F., L. E. R. Dawson, A. R. G. Wylie and F. J. Gordon. 2004. The effect of rearing regime on the development of the mammary gland and claw abnormalities in high genetic merit Holstein-Friesian dairy herd replacements. Anim. Sci. 78:479-509.
  15. Carson, A. F., A. R. G. Wylie, J. D. G. Mc Evoy, M. A. McCoy and L. E. R. Dawson. 2000. The effects of plane of nutrition and diet type on metabolic hormone concentrations, growth and milk production in high genetic merit dairy herd replacements. Anim. Sci. 70:349-362.
  16. Choi, Y. J., I. K. Han, J. H. Woo, H. J. Lee, K. Jang, K. H. Myung and Y. S. Kim. 1997. Compensatory growth in dairy heifers: the effect of a compensatory growth pattern on growth rate and lactation performance. J. Dairy Sci. 80:519-524. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75965-4
  17. Daniels, K. M., M. L. McGilliard, M. J. Meyer, M. E. Van Amburgh, A. V. Capuco and R. M. Akers. 2009. Effects of body weight and nutrition on histological mammary development in Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 92:499-505. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1007
  18. Davis Rincker, L. E., M. S. Weber Nielsen, L. T. Chapin, J. S. Liesman, K. M. Daniels, R. M. Akers and M. J. VandeHaar. 2008. Effects of feeding prepubertal heifers a high-energy diet for three, six, or twelve weeks on mammary growth and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1926-1935. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-211
  19. Djonov, V., A. C. Andres and A. Ziemiecki. 2001. Vascular remodeling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52:182-189. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20010115)52:2<182::AID-JEMT1004>3.0.CO;2-M
  20. Dobos, R. C., K. S. Nandra, K. Riley, W. J. Fulkerson, I. J. Lean and R. C. Kellaway. 2000. The effect of dietary protein level during the pre-pubertal period of growth on mammary gland development and subsequent milk production in Friesian heifers. Livest. Prod. Sci. 63:235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00137-2
  21. Drackley, J. K. 2005. Early growth effects on subsequent health and performance of dairy heifers. In: Calf and Heifer Rearing (Ed. P. C. Garnsworthy). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. pp. 213-235.
  22. Foldager, J. and C. C. Krohn. 1994. Heifer calves reared on very high or normal levels of whole milk from birth to six to eight weeks of age and their subsequent milk production. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 3:301.
  23. Foldager, J. and K. Sejrsen. 1991. Rearing intensity in dairy heifers and the effect on subsequent milk production. National Institute of Animal Science, Foulum, Denmark, Report 693.
  24. Ford, J. A. Jr. and C. S. Park. 2001. Nutritionally directed compensatory growth enhances heifer development and lactation potential. J. Dairy Sci. 84:1669-1678. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74602-4
  25. Galyean, M. L. 1999. Review: restricted and programmed feeding of beef cattle - definitions, application, and research results. Prof. Anim. Sci. 15:1-6.
  26. Gardner, R. W., J. D. Schuh and L. G. Vargus. 1977. Accelerated growth and early breeding of Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 60:1941-1948. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)84126-X
  27. Garnsworthy, P. C. and G. P. Jones. 1987. The influence of body condition at calving and dietary protein supply on voluntary food intake and performance in dairy cows. Anim. Prod. 44:347-353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100012277
  28. Gaynor, P. J., D. R. Waldo, A. V. Capuco, R. A. Erdman and L. W. Douglass. 1995. Effects of prepubertal growth rate and diet on lipid metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1534-1543. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76775-3
  29. Grummer, R. R., P. C. Hoffman, M. L. Luck and S. J. Bertics. 1995. Effect of prepartum and postpartum dietary energy on growth and lactation of primiparous cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:172-180. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76627-9
  30. Harrison, R. D., I. P. Reynolds and W. Little. 1983. A quantitative analysis of mammary glands of dairy heifers reared at different rates of live weight gain. J. Dairy Res. 50:405-412. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900032635
  31. Heinrichs, A. J. 1993. Raising dairy replacements to meet the needs of the 21st century. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3179-3187. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77656-0
  32. Hill, T. M., H. G. Bateman, J. M. Aldrich and R. L. Schlotterbeck. 2010. Effect of milk replacer program on digestion of nutrients in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 93:1105-1115. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2458
  33. Hoffman, P. C. 1997. Optimum body size of Holstein replacement heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 75:836-845.
  34. Hoffman, P. C., N. M. Brehm, S. G. Price and A. Prill-Adams. 1996. Effect of accelerated postpubertal growth and early calving on lactation performance of primiparous Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 79:2024-2031. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76575-X
  35. Hoffman, P. C., N. M. Esser, L. M. Bauman, S. L. Denzine, M. Engstrom and H. Chester-Jones. 2001. Short communication: Effect of dietary protein on growth and nitrogen balance of Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 84:843-847. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74542-0
  36. Hoffman, P. C. and D. A. Funk. 1992. Applied dynamics of dairy replacement growth and management. J. Dairy Sci. 75:2504-2516. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78012-6
  37. Hoffman, P. C., C. R. Simson and M. Wattiaux, M. 2007. Limit feeding of gravid Holstein heifers: effect on growth, manure nutrient excretion, and subsequent early lactation performance. J. Dairy Sci. 90:946-954. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71578-3
  38. Hohenboken, W. D., J. Foldager, J. Jensen, P. Madsen and B. B. Andersen. 1995. Breed and nutritional effects and interactions on energy intake, production and efficiency of nutrient utilization in young bull, heifers and lactating cows. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A. Anim. Sci. 45:92-98.
  39. Holmes, C. W., I. M. Brookers, D. J. Garrick, D. D. S. Mackenzie, T. J. Parkinson and G. F. Wilson. 2002. Milk Production from Pasture. Massey University, Palmerston North.
  40. Janovick, N. A. and J. K. Drackley. 2010. Prepartum dietary management of energy intake affects postpartum intake and lactation performance by primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93:3086-3102. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2656
  41. Jasper, J. and D. M. Weary. 2002. Effects of ad libitum milk intake on dairy caves. J. Dairy Sci. 85:3054-3058. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74391-9
  42. Johnsson, I. D. 1988. The effect of pubertal nutrition on lactation performance by dairy cows. In: Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow (Ed. P. C. Garnsworthy). Butterworths, London, pp. 171-192.
  43. Kearl, L. C. 1982. Nutrient requirement of ruminants in developing countries. International feedstuffs Institute, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
  44. Khan, M. A., H. J. Lee, W. S. Lee, H. S. Kim, K. S. Ki, T. Y. Hur, G. H. Suh, S. J. Kang and Y. J. Choi. 2007. Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3376-3387. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0104
  45. Knight, C. H. 2000. The importance of cell division in udder development and lactation. Livest. Prod. Sci. 66:169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00224-4
  46. Lacasse, P., E. Block, L. A. Guilbault and D. Petitclerc. 1993. Effect of plane of nutrition of dairy heifers before and during gestation on milk production, reproduction and health. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3420-3427. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77680-8
  47. Lammers, B. P., A. J. Heinrichs and R. S. Kensinger. 1999. The effects of accelerated growth rates and estrogen implants in prepubertal Holstein heifers on estimates of mammary development and subsequent reproduction and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1753-1764. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75406-8
  48. Le Cozler, Y., V. Lollivier, P. Laccase and C. Disenhaus. 2008. Rearing strategy and optimising first-calving targets in dairy heifers: a review. Animal 2:1393-1404.
  49. Lohakare, J. D., A. K. Pattanaik and S. A. Khan. 2006. Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance, nutrient balances, metabolic profile, and thyroid hormones of crossbred calves. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:1588-1593. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.1588
  50. Lohakare, J. D., H. van de Sand, K. Gerlach, A. Hosseini, M. Mielenz, H. Sauerwein, M. Pries and K. -H. Südekum. 2012. Effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth and blood and serum variables, and on nutrient digestibility and gene expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in dairy calves. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 96:25-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01117.x
  51. Macdonald, K. A., J. W. Penno, A. M. Bryant and J. R. Roche. 2005. Effect of feeding level pre- and post-puberty and body weight at first calving on growth, milk production, and fertility in grazing dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3363-3375. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73020-4
  52. Macdonald, K. A., L. R. McNaughton, G. A. Verkerk, J. W. Penno, L. J. Burton, D. P. Berry, P. J. S. Gore, J. A. S. Lancaster and C. W. Holmes. 2007. A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian cows grazed on pasture: growth, development and puberty. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3993-4003. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0119
  53. Mantysaari, P., K. L. Ingvartsen and V. Toivonen. 1999. Feeding intensity of pregnant heifers: effect of feeding intensity during gestation on performance and plasma parameters of primiparous Ayrshire cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 62:29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00055-X
  54. Meyer, M. J., A. V. Capuco, D. A. Ross, L. M. Lintault and M. E. Van Amburgh. 2006a. Developmental and nutritional regulation of the prepubertal heifer mammary gland: I. Parenchyma and fat pad mass and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 89:4289-4297. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72475-4
  55. Meyer, M. J., A. V. Capuco, D. A. Ross, L. M. Lintault and M. E. Van Amburgh. 2006b. Developmental and nutritional regulation of the prepubertal bovine mammary gland: II. Epithelial cell proliferation, parenchymal accretion rate, and allometric growth. J. Dairy Sci. 89:4298-4304. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72476-6
  56. Moallem, U., G. E. Dahl, E. K. Duffey, A. V. Capuco and R. A. Erdman. 2004a. Bovine somatotropin and rumen-undegradable protein effects on skeletal growth in prepubertal dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3881-3888. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73527-4
  57. Moallem, U., G. E. Dahl, E. K. Duffey, A. V. Capuco, D. L. Wood, K. R. McLeod, R. L. Baldwin VI and R. A. Erdman. 2004b. Bovine somatotropin and rumen-undegradable protein effects in prepubertal dairy heifers: effects on body composition and organ and tissue weights. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3869-3880. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73526-2
  58. Moallem, U., D. Werner, H. Lehrer, M. Zachut, L. Livshitz, S. Yakoby and A. Shamay. 2010. Long-term effects of ad libitum whole milk prior to weaning and prepubertal protein supplementation on skeletal growth rate and first-lactation milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 93:2639-2650. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-3007
  59. Moore, R. K., B. W. Kennedy, L. R. Schaeffer and J. E. Moxley. 1991. Relationships between age and body weight at calving and production in first lactation Ayrshires and Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 74:269-278. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78170-8
  60. Murphy, M. G., M. Rath, D. O'Callaghan, F. H. Austin and J. F. Roche. 1991. Effect of bovine somatotropin on production and reproduction in prepubertal Friesian heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 74:2165-2171. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78389-6
  61. Murphy, T. A. and S. C. Loerch. 1994. Effects of restricted feeding of growing steers on performance, carcass characteristics, and composition. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2497-2507.
  62. NRC. 1989. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (6th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  63. NRC. 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (7th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  64. Oltenacu, P. A. and D. M. Broom. 2010. The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows. Anim. Welf. 19(S):39-49.
  65. Park, C. S., M. G. Baik, W. L. Keller, I. E. Berg and G. M. Erickson. 1989. Role of compensatory growth in lactation:stair-step nutrient regimen modulates differentiation and lactation of bovine mammary gland. Growth Dev. Aging 53:159-166.
  66. Park, C. S., R. B. Danielson, B. S. Kreft, S. H. Kim, Y. S. Moon and W. L. Keller. 1998. Nutritionally directed compensatory growth and effects on lactation potential of developing heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 81:243-249. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75572-9
  67. Park, C. S., G. M. Erickson, Y. J. Choi and G. D. Marx. 1987. Effect of compensatory growth on regulation of growth and lactation. Response of dairy heifers to a stair-step growth pattern. J. Anim. Sci. 64:1751-1758.
  68. Peri, I., A. Gestler, I. Bruckental and H. Barsh. 1993. The effect of manipulation in energy allowance during the rearing period of heifers on hormone concentrations and milk production in first lactation cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:742-751. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77398-1
  69. Petitclerc, D., L. T. Chapin and H. A. Tucker. 1984. Carcass composition and mammary development responses to photoperiod and plane of nutrition in Holstein heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 58:913-919.
  70. Pirlo, G., M. Capelletti and G. Marchetto. 1997. Effects of energy and protein allowances in the diets of prepubertal heifers on growth and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 80:730-739. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75992-7
  71. Purup, S., K. Sejrsen, J. Foldager and R. M. Akers. 1993. Effect of exogenous bovine growth hormone and ovariectomy on prepubertal mammary growth, serum hormones, and in vitro proliferative response of mammary explants from Holstein heifers. J. Endocrinol. 139:19-26. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1390019
  72. Radcliff, R. P., M. J. Vandehaar, L. T. Chapin, T. E. Pilbeam, D. K. Beede, E. P. Stanisiewski and H. A. Tucker. 2000. Effects of diet and injection of bovine somatotropin on prepubertal growth and first-lactation milk yields of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:23-29. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74850-8
  73. Radcliff, R. P., M. J. Vandehaar, A. L. Skidmore, L. T. Chapin, B. R. Radke, J. W. Llyod, E. P. Stanisiewski and H. A. Tucker. 1997. Effects of diet and bovine somatotropin on heifer growth and mammary development. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1996-2003. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76143-5
  74. Raeth-Knight, M., H. Chester-Jones, S. Hayes, J. Linn, R. Larson, D. Ziegler, B. Ziegler and N. Broadwater. 2009. Impact of conventional or intensive milk replacer programs on Holstein heifer performance through six months of age and during first lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92:799-809. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1470
  75. Safayi, S., P. K. Theil, V. S. Elbrond, L. Hou, M. Engbaek, J. V. Norgaard, K. Sejrsen and M. O. Nielsen. 2010. Mammary remodeling in primiparous and multiparous dairy goats during lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 93:1478-1490. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2422
  76. Sejrsen, K. 1994. Relationships between nutrition, puberty and mammary development in cattle. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 53:103-111. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19940014
  77. Sejrsen, K. and J. Foldager. 1992. Mammary growth and milk-production capacity of replacement heifers in relation to diet energy concentration and plasma-hormone levels. Acta Agric. Scand. Sec. A-Anim. Sci. 42:99-105.
  78. Sejrsen, K., J. T. Huber, H. A. Tucker and R. M. Akers. 1982. Influence of nutrition on mammary development in pre- and postpubertal heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 65:793-800. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82268-6
  79. Sejrsen, K. and S. Purup. 1997. Influence of prepubertal feeding level on milk yield potential of dairy heifers: a review. J. Anim. Sci. 75:828-835.
  80. Sejrsen, K., S. Purup, M. Vestergaard and J. Foldager. 2000. High body weight gain and reduced bovine mammary growth: physiological basis and implications for milk yield potential. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 19:93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00070-9
  81. Shamay, A., D. Werner, U. Moallem, H. Barash and I. Bruckental. 2005. Effect of nursing management and skeletal size at weaning on puberty, skeletal growth rate, and milk production during first lactation of dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 88:1460-1469. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72814-9
  82. Silva, L. F., M. J. VandeHaar, B. K. Whitlock, R. P. Radcliff and H. A. Tucker. 2002. Short communication: Relationship between body growth and mammary development in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2600-2602. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74344-0
  83. Sinha, Y. N. and H. A. Tucker. 1969. Mammary development and pituitary prolactin level of heifer from birth through puberty and during the estrous cycle. J. Dairy Sci. 52:507-512. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(69)86595-1
  84. Swanson, E. W. 1960. Effect of rapid growth with fattening of dairy heifers on their lactational ability. J. Dairy Sci. 43:377-387. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90172-7
  85. Swanson, E. W. and J. I. Poffenbarger. 1979. Mammary gland development of dairy heifers during their first gestation. J. Dairy Sci. 62:702-714. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83313-5
  86. Tucker, H. A. 1987. Quantitative estimates of mammary growth during various physiological states: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 70:1958-1966. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80238-2
  87. Valentine, S. C., R. C. Dobos, P. A. Lewis, B. D. Bartsch and R. B. Wickes. 1987. Effect of live weight gain before or during pregnancy on mammary gland development and subsequent milk production of Australian Holstein-Friesian heifers. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 27:195-205. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9870195
  88. Van Amburgh, M. E., D. M. Galton, D. E. Bauman, R. W. Everett, D. G. Fox, L. E. Chase and H. N. Erb. 1998. Effects of three prepubertal body growth rates on performance of Holstein heifers during first lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 81:527-538. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75604-8
  89. Waldo, D. R., A. V. Capuco and C. E. Rexroad Jr. 1998. Milk production of Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or silage diets at two rates of daily gain. J. Dairy Sci. 81:756-764. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75632-2
  90. Waldo, D. R., H. F. Tyrrell, A. V. Capuco and C. E. Jr. Rexroad. 1997. Components of growth in Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or corn silage diets to produce two daily gains. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1674-1684. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76099-5
  91. Wathes, D. C., Z. Cheng, N. Bourne, V. J. Taylor, M. P. Coffey and S. Brotherstone. 2007. Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 33:203-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.05.004
  92. Whitlock, B. K., M. J. VandeHaar, L. F. P. Silva and H. A. Tucker. 2002. Effect of dietary protein on prepubertal mammary development in rapidly growing dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1516-1525. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74221-5
  93. Wiltbank, J. N., K. E. Gregory, L. A. Swiger, J. E. Ingalls, J. A. Rothlisberger and R. M. Koch. 1966. Effects of heterosis on age and weight at puberty in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 25:744-751.
  94. Wiltbank, J. N., K. E. Gregory, L. A. Swiger, J. E. Ingalls, J. A. Rothlisberger and R. M. Koch. 1966. Effects of heterosis on age and weight at puberty in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 25:744-751.
  95. Zanton, G. I. and A. J. Heinrichs. 2005. Meta-analysis to assess effect of prepubertal average daily gain of Holsteins heifers on first-lactation production. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3860-3867. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73071-X
  96. Zanton, G. I. and A. J. Heinrichs. 2007. The effects of controlled feeding of a high-forage or high-concentrate ration on heifer growth and first-lactation milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3388-3396. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0041
  97. Zanton, G. I. and A. J. Heinrichs. 2008a. Analysis of nitrogen utilization and excretion in growing dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1519-1533. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0624
  98. Zanton, G. I. and A. J. Heinrichs. 2008b. Rumen digestion and nutritional efficiency of dairy heifers limit-fed high forage ration to four levels of dry matter intake. J. Dairy Sci. 91:3579-3588. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1210

Cited by

  1. Control of BRD in large dairy calf populations vol.15, pp.02, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1017/S146625231400022X
  2. Extract Added into the Diet of Dairy Heifers Changes Feeding Behavior and Concentrate Intake vol.2016, pp.1537-744X, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8917817
  3. In utero heat stress decreases calf survival and performance through the first lactation vol.99, pp.10, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11072
  4. A meta-analysis of the effects of preweaned calf nutrition and growth on first-lactation performance 1 vol.99, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10744
  5. Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease vol.100, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10949
  6. Effect of high energy intake on carcass composition and hypothalamic gene expression in Bos indicus heifers vol.46, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-92902017000800006
  7. Impact of dietary carbohydrate balance on rumen fermentation, eating behaviour, growth and development of 8–10-month-old heifers vol.58, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16118
  8. High feeding level after early weaning had no impact on subsequent milk production in Alpine goats vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2018.1505623
  9. Higher plane of nutrition pre-weaning enhances Holstein calf mammary gland development through alterations in the parenchyma and fat pad transcriptome vol.19, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-5303-8
  10. Impact of DDT residues in feed on thyroid gland and liver secretory activity of Aberdeen-Angus cattle depending on cattle age and sex vol.29, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/128209/2020
  11. Characteristics of the Oxidative Status in Dairy Calves Fed at Different Milk Replacer Levels and Weaned at 14 Weeks of Age vol.10, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020260
  12. The Use of Artificial Neural Networks and a General Discriminant Analysis for Predicting Culling Reasons in Holstein-Friesian Cows Based on First-Lactation Performance Records vol.11, pp.3, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030721
  13. Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNAs in the Mammary Parenchyma and Fat Pad of Pre-Weaning Heifer Calves: Identification and Functional Analysis vol.11, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051268
  14. Animal development in the secondary classroom: linking basic science to livestock production vol.45, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00002.2021
  15. Genetic relationship of age at first calving with conformation traits and calving interval in Hanwoo cows vol.63, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e73
  16. Different Protein Sources in the Maternal Diet of the Rat during Gestation and Lactation Affect Milk Composition and Male Offspring Development during Adulthood vol.28, pp.9, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-021-00492-8