DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

수유기간에 따른 모유 중 Indicator PCBs 분석을 통한 영유아의 인체노출평가

Estimation of Indicator PCBs Exposure in Infants via Breast-Feeding Period

  • 위성욱 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 윤조희 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 민병윤 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과)
  • We, Sung-Ug (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Yoon, Cho-Hee (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Min, Byung-Yun (Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University)
  • 투고 : 2011.12.08
  • 심사 : 2012.01.12
  • 발행 : 2012.01.31

초록

Indicator PCB의 농도 수준은 2006년에 세계보건기구(WHO) 프로토콜에 따라 수집된 132개의 모유(초유, 출산 후 30일째 모유, 출산 후 60일째 모유)로 분석하였다. Indicator PCBs의 농도는 고분해능 가스크로마토그래피/고분해능 질량분석기를 이용한 동위원소희석법으로 측정되었으며, 이 방법은 국제적 경향을 비교 평가하기 위한 정확하고 정밀한 데이터를 제공한다. 또한, 모든 분석 결과를 토대로 평균일일섭취량(ADIs)이 계산되었다. 총 indicator PCBs의 중앙값은 14 ng/g lipid로, 다른 나라에서 검출된 농도보다 현저하게 낮았으며, PCBs 138, 153, 180은 분석한 지표 이성질체 합의 약 65%를 차지하였다. 가장 기여율이 높은 PCB 153은 총 indicator PCBs 농도와 매우 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다(p<0.001). PCBs 농도는 산모의 아이수가 증가할수록 확연히 감소하였고, 산모의 PCBs 축적과 배출에 있어 출산경력과 수유기간은 중요한 인자로 나타났다. 6개월 모유수유 기간 동안 총 indicator PCBs의 평균일일섭취량의 중앙값은 $0.077{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$이었다. 초산부 모유 중 PCB 118의 농도는 1998년에 비해 25~35% 정도 감소하였으며, 이러한 경향은 지속될 것이라는 것을 보여준다.

The levels of indicator PCBs were determined in 132 human milk samples (Colostrum, 30th days after delivery, 60th days after delivery) collected in 2006 according to World Health Organization's (WHO) protocol. In addition, concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured by the isotope dilution method with high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector (HRGC/HRMS), which gave accurate and precise data for estimations of international trend and comparisons. Average daily intakes (ADIs) of all analytes were calculated. The median level of total indicator PCBs was 14 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level found in individuals from other countries. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 accounted for about 65% of the sum of the indicator congeners analyzed. The concentration of the most abundant PCB 153 is positively correlated with the concentration of the sum indicator PCBs (p<0.001). In this study, concentrations of total indicator PCBs significantly decreased with increasing number of children for a mother, indicating that parity and breast-feeding period an important role in the accumulation and elimination of these compounds in lactating women. The ADI for the median of total indicator PCBs for an infant was evaluated at $0.077{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ from birth to 6 months of age. The present study shows that concentrations of PCB 118 primipara breast milk have decreased 25~35 since 1998, and that this trend is continuing.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. United Nations Environmental Program, "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)," Available from: http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/,(2003).
  2. Froescheis, O., Looser, R., Cailliet, G. M., Jarman, W. M. and Ballschmiter, K., "The deep-sea as a final global sink of semivolatile persistent organic pollutants? Part 1. PCBs in surface and deep-sea dwelling fish of North and South Atlantic and the Monterey Bay Canyon (California)," Chemosphere, 40, 651-660(2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00461-0
  3. Dekoning, E. P. and Karmaus, W., "PCB exposure in utero and via breast milk. A review. J. Exposure Anal," Environ. Epidemiol., 10, 285-293(2000).
  4. Solomon, G. M. and Weiss, P. M., "Chemical contaminants in breast milk: Time trends and regional variability," Environ. Health Perspect., 110, A339-347(2002). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021100339
  5. Lorber, M. and Phillips, L., "Infant exposure to dioxin-like compounds in breast milk," Environ. Health Perspect., 110, A325-A332(2002). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021100325
  6. Zoeller, R. T., "At the cutting edge. Environmental chemicals as thyroid hormone analogues: New studies indicate that thyroid hormone receptors are targets of industrial chemicals?," Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 242, 10-15(2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2005.07.006
  7. Longnecker, M. P., Wolff, M. S., Gladen, B. C., Brock, J. W., Grandjean, P. and Jacobson, J. L., et al., "Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl levels across studies of human neurodevelopment," Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 65-70 (2003).
  8. Ribas-Fitó, N., Cardo, E., Sala, M., de Muga, E., Mazón, C., Verdu, A., Kogevinas, M., Grimalt, J. O. and Sunyer, J., "Breast-feeding exposure to organochlorine compounds, and neurodevelopment in infants," Pediatr. Res., 111, e580-e585 (2003).
  9. Toft, G., Hagmar, L., Giwercman, A. and Bonde, J. P., "Review. Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans," Reprod. Toxicol., 19, 5-6(2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.05.006
  10. Gladen, B. C., Ragan, N. B. and Rogan, W. J., "Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorophenyl dichloroethene," Pediatr. Res., 136, 490-496(2000).
  11. Walkowiak, J. and Wiener, J., Fastabend, A., Heinzow, B., Kramer, U., Schmidt, E., et al., "Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and quality of the home environment: effects on psychodevelopment in early childhood," Lancet, 358, 1602-1607(2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06654-5
  12. Malisch, R., van Leeuwen, F. X. R., "Results of the WHOcoordinated exposure study on the levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in human milk," Org. Compd., 64, 140-143(2003).
  13. Uehara, R., Peng, G., Nakamura, Y., Matsuura, N., Kondo, N. and Tada, H., "Human milk survey for dioxins in the general population in Japan," Chemosphere, 62, 1135-1141 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.049
  14. Noren, K., Meironyte, D., "Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years," Chemosphere, 40, 1111-1123 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4
  15. Schecter, A., Ryan, J. J. and Papke, O., "Decrease in levels and body burden of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs, DDE, and HCB in blood and milk in a mother nursing twins over a thirty-eight month period," Chemosphere, 37, 1807-1816 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00246-X
  16. World Health Organization, "Levels of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in Human Milk-Protocol for Second Round of Exposure Studies," WHO-Regional Office for Europe(1992).
  17. 통계청, "2010년 출생통계,"(2011).
  18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Laboratory Procedure Manual Method 28 for Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals(2003).
  19. US Environmental Protection Agency, "Chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sediment and tissue by HRGC/ HRMS," Method 1668, Revision A.(1999).
  20. 보건복지부, "2005년도 국민건강․영양조사 제3기-영양조사부문(I), 130-159(2006).
  21. Vreugdenhil, H. J. I., Slijper, F. M. E., Mulder, P. G. H. and Weisglas-Kuperus, N., "Effects of perinatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins on play behavior in Dutch children at school age," Environ. Health Perspect., 110, A593-A598(2002). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021100593
  22. Safe, S., "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment," Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 24, 7-149(1994).
  23. Sipka, S., Eum, S. Y., Son, K. W., Xu, S., Gavalas, V. G., Hennig, B. and Toborek, M., "Oral administration of PCBs induces proinflammatoη and prometastatic responses," Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 25, 251-259(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2007.10.020
  24. Venkatesha, V. A., Venkataraman, S., Sarsour, E. H., Kalen, A. L., Buettner, G. R., Robertson, L. W., Lehrnler, H. J. and Goswami, P. C., "Catalase ameliorates polychlorinated biphenyl- induced cytotoxicity in nonmalignant human breast epithelial cells," Free Radical Biol., 45, 1094-1102(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.007
  25. Glynn, A. W., Wolk, A., Aune, M., Atuma, S., Zettermark, S., Maele-Schmid, M., Darnerud, P. O., Becker, W., Vessby, B. and Adami, H., "Serum concentrations of organochlorines in men: a search for markers of exposure," Sci. Total Environ., 263, 197-208(2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00703-8
  26. Yang, J. H., Chang, Y. S., Kim, B. H., Shin, D. C. and Ikonomou, M. G., "Congener-distribution patterns and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Korean human milk," Chemosphere, 47, 1087-1095(2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00092-9
  27. Yua, Z., Palkovicovab, L., Drobnac, B., Petrikc, J., Kocanc, A., Trmovecc, T. and Picciottoa, I. H., "Comparison of organochlrine compound concentrations in colostrum and mature milk," Chemosphere, 66, 1012-1018(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.043
  28. Nakamura, T., Nakai, K., Matsumura, T., Suzuki, S., Saito, Y. and Satoh, H., "Determination of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood from residents of Tohoku, Japan," Sci. Total Environ., 394, 39-51(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.012
  29. Needham, L. L., Grandjean, P., Heinzow, B., Jorgensen, P. J., Nielsen, F., Patterson Jr., D. G., Sjodin, A., Turner, W. E. and Weihe, P., "Partition of environmental chemicals between maternal and fetal blood and tissues," Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1121-1126(2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/es1019614
  30. Szyrwinska, K. and Lulek, J., "Exposure to specific polychlorinated biphenyls and som chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Poland," Chemosphere, 66, 1895-1903(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.010
  31. Oostdam, J. V., Gilman, A., Dewailly, E., Usher, P., Wheatley, B. and Kuhnlein, H., "Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: A review," Sci. Total Environ., 230, 1-82(1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00036-4
  32. 多田裕, "母乳中のダイオキシン類の實態調査と乳幼兒の発達への影響に關する研究," 厚生勞働科学研究費補助金, 食品の安心․安全確保推進事業, 平成20年度 總括․分担報告書(2009).
  33. Aoki, Y., "Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzopdioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans as endocrine disrupters what we have learned from Yusho disease," Environ. Res., 86, 2-11(2001). https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2001.4244
  34. Bimbaum, L. S., "Developmental toxicity of TCDD and related compounds: species sensitivities and differences. In: Gallo MA, Scheuplein RJ, Heijden CA van der (eds) Biological basis for risk assessment of dioxins and related compounds," Banbury report 35, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 51-68(1991).