Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Factors Associated With Smoking, Quit Attempts and Attitudes towards Total Smoking Bans at University: A Survey of Seven Universities in England, Wales and Northern ireland

  • Ansari, Walid El (Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire) ;
  • Stock, Christiane (Unit for Health Promotion Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark)
  • Published : 2012.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study assessed the associations between socio-demographic, health and wellbeing variables (independent variables) and daily smoking, attempts to quit smoking, and agreement with smoking ban (dependent variables). Methods: Data from 3,706 undergraduate students were collected from seven universities in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland using a standardised questionnaire. Results: About 15.8% of the whole sample reported daily smoking, while 12% were occasional smokers. Smoking was significantly more prevalent among males, but the difference was due to a higher rate of occasional smokers. About every second smoker (55%) had attempted to quit smoking. Almost 45% of the whole sample agreed or strongly agreed with implementing a total smoking ban on campus. Daily smoking was more likely among students with not sufficient income, students whose fathers had at least a bachelor degree; and, students who reported binge drinking. Conversely, daily smoking was less likely among students who rated their health as very good/ excellent, those who ate ${\geq}5$ portions of fruit or vegetables, and those who had never taken illicit drugs. Previous attempt/s to quit smoking were more likely among students who have never taken illicit drugs and those who agreed with a total smoking ban; and less likely among those with not sufficient income. Daily smokers were less likely to report quit attempts as compared to occasional smokers. An agreement with smoking ban was more likely among students who rated their health as very good/excellent, those who ate ${\geq}5$ portions of fruit or vegetables daily, and those who had never taken illicit drugs, but less likely among daily smokers. Conclusion: Favourable health practices and positive attitudes towards smoking ban were associated with each other. Interventions would need to comprise multi-component programmes that do not solely focus on smoking prevention/cessation, but also on other health promoting practices as well.

Keywords

References

  1. American College Health Association (2006). American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA): Spring 2005 reference group report (abridged). J Am College Health, 55, 5-16. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.1.5-16
  2. Al-Kaabba AF, Saeed AA, Abdalla AM, et al (2011). Prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking among medical students at King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh of Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med, 18, 8-12. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-1683.78631
  3. Al-Naggar RA, Al-Dubai SA, Al-Naggar TH, et al (2011). Prevalence and of Smoking and Associated Factors among Malaysian University Students. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 619-24.
  4. American College Health Association (2007). American College Health Association National College Health Assessment Spring 2006 Reference Group data report (abridged). J Am Coll Health, 55, 195-206. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.4.195-206
  5. American College Health Association (2006). American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA): Spring 2005 reference group report (abridged). J Am Coll Health, 55, 15-16.
  6. American College Health Association (2009). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment spring 2008 reference group data report (abridged). J Am Coll Health, 57, 477-88. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.5.477-488
  7. Aslan D, Kücük N, Stock C (2006). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent smoking in Ankara, Turkey. TJC, 36, 49-56.
  8. Aung AT, Hickman NJ, Moolchan ER (2003). Health and performance related reasons for wanting to quit: gender differences among teens. Subst Use Misuse, 38, 1095-107. https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120017652
  9. Baska T, Baskova M, Hudeckova H, et al (2007). Increasing trends of tobacco use in medical students in Slovakia -a reason for concern? Cent. Eur J Pub Health, 15, 29-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-006-0071-3
  10. Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W, et al (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess, 67, 588-97. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
  11. Bell S, Siskonen S, Brink MT (2005). Tobacco use among pharmacy students: An international survey. Pharm Ed, 5, 131-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15602210500193425
  12. Berg CJ, Lust KA, Sanem JR, et al (2009). Smoker selfidentification versus recent smoking among college students. Am J Prev Med, 36, 333-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.11.010
  13. Berg CJ, Parelkar PP, Lessard L (2010). Defining "smoker": college student attitudes and related smoking characteristics. Nicotine Tob Res, 12, 963-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq123
  14. Boland M, Fitzpatrick P, Scallan E, et al (2006). Trends in medical student use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs in an Irish university, 1973-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend, 85, 123-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.016
  15. Boynton Health Service. Campus Tobacco Policy Report. Minneapolis, MN: Boynton Health Service, University of Minnesota, 2008.
  16. Bruusgard D, Nessioy I, Rutle O, et al (1993). Measuring functional status in a population survey. The Dartmouth COOP/WONCA functional health assessment charts used in an epidemiological study. Fam Pract, 10, 212-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/10.2.212
  17. Byrne DG, Byrne AE, Reinhart MI (1995). Personality, stress and the decision to commence cigarette smoking in adolescence. J Psychosom Res, 39, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)00074-F
  18. Chaloupka FJ (1999). Macro-social influences: the effects of prices and tobacco-control policies on the demand for tobacco products. Nicotine Tob Res, 1, 105-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622299050011681
  19. Chatterjee T, Haldar D, Mallik S, et al (2011). A study on habits of tobacco use among medical and non-medical students of Kolkata. Lung India, 28, 5-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.76293
  20. Chuang SH, Huang SL(2011). Changes in smoking behavior among college students following implementation of a strict campus smoking policy in Taiwan. Int J Public Health. [Epub ahead of print]
  21. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav, 24, 385. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
  22. Cooper TV, Rodríguez de Ybarra D, Charter JE, et al (2011). Characteristics associated with smoking in a Hispanic college student sample. Addict Behav, 36, 1329-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.021
  23. Djikanovic B, Marinkovic J, Jankovic J, et al (2011). Gender differences in smoking experience and cessation: do wealth and education matter equally for women and men in Serbia? J Public Health, 33, 31-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdq080
  24. El Ansari W, Stock C, Phillips C, et al (2011b). Does the association between depressive symptomatology and physical activity depend on body image perception? A survey of students from seven universities in the UK. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8, 281-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020281
  25. El Ansari W, Stock C (2010) Is the health and wellbeing of university students associated with their academic performance? Cross sectional findings from the United Kingdom. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 7, 509-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7020509
  26. El Ansari W, Maxwell AE, Mikolajczyk RT, et al (2007). Promoting public health: Benefits and challenges of a European wide research consortium on student health. Cent Eur J Public Health, 15, 58-65.
  27. El Ansari W, Stock C, Snelgrove S, et al (2011a). Feeling Healthy? A Survey of Physical and Psychological Wellbeing of Students from Seven Universities in the UK. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8, 1308-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051308
  28. Erdogan N, Erdogan I Smoking at school: views of Turkish university students. (2009). Int J Environ Res Public Health, 6, 36-50.
  29. Gilman SE, Martin LT, Abrams DB, et al (2008). Educational attainment and cigarette smoking: a causal association? Int J Epidemiol, 37, 615-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym250
  30. Gilpin EA, White VM, Pierce, JP (2005). What fraction of young adults are at risk for future smoking, and who are they? Nicotine Tob Res, 7, 747-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200500259796
  31. Grimshaw GM, Stanton A (2006). Tobacco cessation interventions for young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, ?-?.
  32. Harris KJ, Stearns JN, Kovach RG, et al (2009). Enforcing an outdoor smoking ban on a college campus: effects of a multicomponent approach. J Am Coll Health, 58, 121-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480903221285
  33. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al (2007). Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116, 1081-93. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649
  34. Hiscock R, Judge K, Bauld L (2011). Social inequalities in quitting smoking: what factors mediate the relationship between socioeconomic position and smoking cessation? J Public Health, 33, 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdq097
  35. Hollis JF, Polen MR, Lichtenstein E, et al (2003). Tobacco use patterns and attitudes among teens being seen for primary care. Am J Health Promot, 17, 31-239.
  36. Hsieh PL (2004). Factors influencing student's decisions to choose healthy or unhealthy snacks at the University of Newcastle, Australia. J Nurs Res, 12, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JNR.0000387492.16804.a3
  37. Huang B, Inagaki K, Yoshii C, et al (2011). Social nicotine dependence in Australian dental undergraduate students. Int Dent J, 61, 152-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00032.x
  38. Huisman M, Kunst AE, Mackenbach JP (2005). Educational inequalities in smoking among men and women aged 16 years and older in 11 European countries. Tob Control, 14, 106-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008573
  39. Hurrelmann K, Kolip P(1994). Presseinformationsdienst des SFB 227, No 11. Bielefeld: University of Bielefeld, 1994. [Der Jugendgesundheitssurvey].
  40. Hurrelmann, K., Kolip, P(1994). [Der Jugendgesundheitssurvey]. Presseinformationsdienst des SFB 227, No. 11. University of Bielefeld: Bielefeld, Germany.
  41. Jordan TR, Price JH, Dake JA, et al (2005). Adolescent exposure to and perceptions of environmental tobacco smoke. J School Health, 75, 178-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.tb06668.x
  42. Khalil K (2011). The Health Status and Lifestyle Behaviours of Higher Education Students in Libya. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.
  43. Khalil KA, El Ansari W, Crone D (2011). Correlates of Clinically diagnosed anxiety and depression among higher education students in Libya. In: H Shulz, PR Wright, T Hauser (eds.) Exercise, Sports and Health. Chemnitz, Germany: Universitatsverlag Chemnitz. 63-72.
  44. Kopstein A(2001). Tobacco Use in America: Findings from the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Analytic Series: A-15, (DHHS Publication SMA 02-3622). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies.
  45. Kusma B, Quarcoo D, Vitzthum K, et al. (2010). Berlin's medical students' smoking habits, knowledge about smoking and attitudes toward smoking cessation counseling. J Occup Med Toxicol, 16, 5-9.
  46. Lee DH, Kang S, Zum SA (2005). qualitative assessment of personal and academic stressors among Korean Collage students: an exploratory study. College Student J, 39, 442.
  47. Lee RL, Loke AJ (2005). Health-promoting behaviors and psychosocial well-being of university students in Hong Kong. Public Health Nurs, 22, 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220304.x
  48. Leinsalu M, Tekkel M, Kunst AE (2007). Social determinants of ever initiating smoking differ from those of quitting: a crosssectional study in Estonia. Eur J Public Health, 17, 572-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm030
  49. Levinson AH, Campo S, Gascoigne J, et al. (2007). Smoking, but not smokers: identity among college students who smoke cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res, 8, 845- 852.
  50. Lockwood A, Saunders B (1993). What prevents prevention? Lessons from the failure of a university alcohol and drug policy. Australian J Public Health, 17, 91-95.
  51. Loukas A, Garcia MR, Gottlieb NH (2006). Texas college students' opinions of no-smoking policies, secondhand smoke, and smoking in public places. J Am Coll Health, 55, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.1.27-32
  52. McKee M, Bobak M, Rose R, et al (1998). Patterns of smoking in Russia. Tob Control, 7, 22-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.7.1.22
  53. Mikolajczyk RT, Maxwell AE, El Ansari W, et al (2008). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in university students from Germany, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 43, 105-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0282-0
  54. Nichter M, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Flaherty B, et al (2006). Gendered dimensions of smoking among college students. J Adolescent Res, 21, 215-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558406287400
  55. Office for National Statistics. General Lifestyle Survey 2009: Smoking and drinking among adults, 2009, Office for National Statistics. 2011.
  56. Osler M, Heitmann BL (1996). The validity of a short food frequency questionnaire and its ability to measure changes in food intake: a longitudinal study. Int J Epidemiol, 25, 1023-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.5.1023
  57. Osler M, Prescott E, Godtfredsen N, et al (1999). Gender and determinants of smoking cessation: a longitudinal study. Prev Med, 29, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0510
  58. Patelarou E, Vardavas CI, Ntzilepi P, et al (2011). Nursing education and beliefs towards tobacco cessation and control: a cross- sectional national survey (GHPSS) among nursing students in Greece. Tob Induc Dis, 9, 4-?.
  59. Patterson F, Lerman C, Kaufmann VG, et al (2004). Cigarette smoking practices among American college students: review and future directions. J Am Coll Health, 52, 203-10. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.52.5.203-212
  60. Potthoff P, Schroeder E, Reis U, et al (1999). Process and results of field work concerning the Federal Health Survey. Gesundheitswesen, 61, 62-7.
  61. Prokhorov AV, Warneke C, de Moor C, et al (2003). Self-reported health status, health vulnerability, and smoking behavior in college students: implications for intervention. Nicotine Tob Res, 5, 545-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462220031000118649
  62. Reppucci JD, Revenson TA, Aber M, et al (1991). Unrealistic optimism among adolescent smokers and nonsmokers. J Prim Prev, 11, 227-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01326505
  63. Richards A, Kattelmann KK, Ren C. (2006). Motivating 18- to 24-year-olds to increase their fruit and vegetable consumption. J Am Diet Assoc, 106, 1405-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.005
  64. Rigotti NA, Lee JE, Wechsler H (2000). US college students' use of tobacco products: results of a national survey. JAMA, 284, 699-705. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.6.699
  65. Roddam AW, Spencer E, Banks E, et al (2005). Reproducibility of a short semiquantitative food group questionnaire and its performance in estimating nutrient intake compared with a 7-day diet diary in the Million Women Study. Public Health Nutr, 8, 201-13.
  66. Rozi S, Butt ZA, Akhtar S, (2007). Correlates of cigarette smoking among male college students in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 7, 312. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-312
  67. Sanem JR, Berg CJ, An LC, et al (2009). Differences in tobacco use among two-year and four-year college students in Minnesota. J Am Coll Health, 58, 151-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480903221376
  68. Sawdey M, Lindsay RP, Novotny TE (2011). Smoke-free college campuses: no ifs, ands or toxic butts. Tob Control, 20, 21-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.040139
  69. Schmitt M, Maes J (2000). Vorschlag zur Vereinfachung des Beck-Depressions-Inventars (BDI). Diagnostica, 46, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.46.1.38
  70. Seo DC, Nehl E, Agley J, et al (2007). Relations between physical activity and behavioral and perceptual correlates among midwestern college students. J Am Coll Health, 56, 187-97. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.187-198
  71. Shiffman S, Paton MS (1999). Individual differences in smoking: gender and nicotine addiction. Nicotine Tob Res, 1, S153-S7.
  72. Smith, DR, Leggat PA (2007). An international review of tobacco smoking among medical students. J Postgrad Med, 53, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.30333
  73. Snyder TD, Dillow SA, Hoffman CM (2009). Digest of Education Statistics 2008. NCES 2009-022. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, 2009.
  74. Solberg LI, Asche SE, Boyle R, et al (2007). Smoking and cessation behaviors among young adults of various educational backgrounds. Am J Public Health, 97, 1421-26. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098491
  75. Steptoe A, Wardle J, Cui W, et al (2002). Trends in smoking, diet, physical exercise, and attitudes toward health in European university students from 13 countries, 1990-2000. Prev Med, 35, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1048
  76. Stock C, Kücük N, Miseviciene I, et al (2003). Differences in health complaints between university students from three European countries. Prev Med, 37, 535-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.07.001
  77. Stramari LM, Kurtz M, Silva LC (2009). Prevalence of and variables related to smoking among medical students at a university in the city of Passo Fundo, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol, 35, 442-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132009000500009
  78. Thomas JL, An L, Luo X, et al (2010). Abstinence and relapse rates following a college campus-based quit & win contest. J Am Coll Health, 58, 365-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480903380268
  79. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco and the clinician: intervention for medical and dental practice, National Cancer Institute Monograph 5, Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, 1994. [NIH 94-3693]
  80. Vuckovic N, Polen MR, Hollis JF (2003). The problem is getting us to stop. What teens say about smoking cessation. Prev Med, 37, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00115-4
  81. Wetter DW, Kenford SL, Welsch SK, et al (2004). Prevalence and predictors of transitions in smoking behavior among college students. Health Psychol, 23, 168-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.168
  82. Wetter DW, Kenford SL, Welsch SK et al (2004). Prevalence and predictors of transitions in smoking behavior among college students. Health Psychology, 23, 168-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.168

Cited by

  1. Symptoms and health complaints and their association with perceived stress: students from seven universities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland vol.21, pp.5, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-013-0571-x
  2. Are Students’ Symptoms and Health Complaints Associated with Perceived Stress at University? Perspectives from the United Kingdom and Egypt vol.11, pp.10, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111009981
  3. Modification of a Smoking Motivation Questionnaire for Chinese Medical Students vol.15, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.6.2707
  4. Predictors of Daily and Occasional Smoking and Quitting in Irish University Students vol.09, pp.03, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2017.93031
  5. Socio-demographic correlates of six indicators of alcohol consumption: survey findings of students across seven universities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland vol.71, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-3258-71-29