References
- Tiwari V, Hanai Y, Masunaga S. Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the vicinity of petrochemical industrial area of Yokohama, Japan. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2010; 3(2): 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-009-0052-0
- Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Long-term environmental monitoring of persistent organic pollutants and metals in a chemical/petrochemical area: human health risks. Environ Pollut. 2011; 159(7): 1769-1777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.007
- Gariazzo C, Pelliccioni A, Di Filippo P, Sallusti F, Cecinato A. Monitoring and analysis of volatile organic compounds around an oil refinery. Water Air Soil Poll. 2005; 167(1-4): 17-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-8203-x
- The Ulsan History Compilation Committee. The History of Ulsan. Ulsan: 2002.
- Angerer J, Ewers U, Wilhelm M. Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007; 210(3-4): 201-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.024
- Becker K, Kaus S, Krause C, Lepom P, Schulz C, Seiwert M, et al. German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III): environmental pollutants in blood of the German population. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2002; 205(4): 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00155
- Moohammed AS, Kapri A, Goel R. Heavy metal pollution: Source, Impact, and Remedies. In M.S. Khan et al. (eds.), Biomanagement of Metal-Contaminated Soils, Environmental Pollution 20: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.; 2011: 1-28.
- Jarup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin. 2003; 68: 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
- Jenkins PL, Phillips TJ, Mulberg EJ, Hui SP. Activity Patterns of Californians - Use of and Proximity to Indoor Pollutant Sources. Atmos Environ a-Gen. 1992; 26(12): 2141-2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90402-7
- Brasche S, Bischof W. Daily time spent indoors in German homes--baseline data for the assessment of indoor exposure of German occupants. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2005; 208(4): 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.03.003
- National Institute of Environmental Research. The 2008 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in Human Body, 2008.
- National Institute of Environmental Research. The monitoring study on exposure level and biomarkers of environmental pollutants (Pohang, 3rd), 2009.
- National Institute of Environmental Research. The monitoring study on exposure level and biomarkers of environmental pollutants (Gwangyang, 3rd), 2008.
- National Institute of Environmental Research. The monitoring study on exposure level and biomarkers of environmental pollutants Sihwa-Banwol, 3rd), 2008.
- Nordberg G. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Burlington: Academic Pr; 2007.
- Klaassen CD, Watkins JB. Casarett & Doull's essentials of toxicology: McGraw-Hill, New York; 2003.
- Schoeters G, den Hond E, Zuurbier M, Naginiene R, van den Hazel P, Stilianakis N, et al. Cadmium and children: Exposure and health effects. Acta Paediatrica. 2006; 95: 50-54.
- Mannino DM, Holguin F, Greves HM, Savage- Brown A, Stock AL, Jones RL. Urinary cadmium levels predict lower lung function in current and former smokers: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Thorax. 2004; 59(3): 194-198. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.2003.012054
- McElroy JA, Shafer MM, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Newcomb PA. Urinary cadmium levels and tobacco smoke exposure in women age 20-69 years in the United States. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007; 70(20): 1779-1782. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390600754953
- Mortada WI, Sobh MA, el-Defrawy MM, Farahat SE. Reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails among residents in Mansoura city, Nile delta, Egypt. Environ Res. 2002; 90(2): 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2002.4396
- Hoffmann K, Becker K, Friedrich C, Helm D, Krause C, Seifert B. The German Environmental Survey 1990/1992 (GerES II): cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2000; 10(2): 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500081
- Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Walker M, Wale CJ, Clayton B, Delves T, et al. Effects of tap water lead, water hardness, alcohol, and cigarettes on blood lead concentrations. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1983; 37(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.37.1.1
- Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Wale CJ, ClaytonB, Delves HT, et al. Effects of alcohol and smoking on blood lead in middle-aged British men. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982; 284(6312): 299-302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.284.6312.299
- Brody DJ, Pirkle JL, Kramer RA, Flegal KM, Matte TD, Gunter EW, et al. Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991). JAMA. 1994; 272(4): 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520040039038
- Olsson IM, Bensryd I, Lundh T, Ottosson H, Skerfving S, Oskarsson A. Cadmium in blood and urine--impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking--association of renal effects. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110(12): 1185-1190. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021101185
- Paschal DC, Burt V, Caudill SP, Gunter EW, Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ, et al. Exposure of the U.S. population aged 6 years and older to cadmium: 1988- 1994. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000; 38(3): 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910050
- Menke A, Muntner P, Silbergeld EK, Platz EA, Guallar E. Cadmium levels in urine and mortality among U.S. adults. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(2): 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11236
- Moralez LS, Gutierrez P, Escarce JJ. Demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with blood lead levels among Mexican-American children and adolescents in the United States. Public Health Rep. 2005; 120(4): 448-454.
- Kolossa-Gehring M, Becker K, Conrad A, Ludecke A, Riedel S, Seiwert M, et al. German Environmental Survey for Children (GerES IV)--first results. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007; 210(5): 535-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.018
- Bernard SM, McGeehin MA. Prevalence of blood lead levels >or= 5 micro g/dl among US children 1 to 5 years of age and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with blood of lead levels 5 to 10 micro g/dl, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Pediatrics. 2003; 112(6 Pt 1): 1308-1313. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.6.1308
- Richter PA, Bishop EE, Wang J, Swahn MH. Tobacco smoke exposure and levels of urinary metals in the U.S. youth and adult population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009; 6(7): 1930-1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6071930
- Zheng L, Wu K, Li Y, Qi Z, Han D, Zhang B, et al. Blood lead and cadmium levels and relevant factors among children from an e-waste recycling town in China. Environ Res. 2008; 108(1): 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.04.002
- Sanna E, Liguori A, Palmas L, Soro MR, Floris G. Blood and hair lead levels in boys and girls living in two Sardinian towns at different risks of lead pollution. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2003; 55(3): 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00072-6
- Ministry of Environment. Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea, 2009. 2010.
- Mutlu A, Lee BK, Park GH, Yu BG, Lee CH. Long-term concentrations of airborne cadmium in metropolitan cities in Korea and potential health risks. Atmos Environ. 2012; 47: 164-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.019
- Lee CR, Yoo CI, Lee JH, Lee H, Kim YH. Trend of the Changes in the Level of Blood Lead, Urinary Arsenic and Urinary Cadmium of Children in Ulsan; 3-year Follow-up Study. Korean J Prev Med. 2001; 34(2): 166-174.
- Wu X, Bennett DH, Lee KY, Cassady DL, Ritz B, Hertz-Picciotto I. Longitudinal variability of timelocation/ activity patterns of population at different ages: a longitudinal study in California. Environmental Health. 2011; 10: 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-80
Cited by
- The Relationship between the Prevalence of Allergic Diseases and Urinary Cadmium Concentrations among School-age Children in Two Regions in Ulsan Metropolitan City vol.42, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2016.42.6.396
- Study of Environmental Health Problems in Korea Using Integrated Environmental Health Indicators vol.10, pp.8, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083140