Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Educational Level on Breast Cancer Awareness: A Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey

  • Published : 2012.01.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Breast self-examination (BSE) is important for early diagnosis of breast cancer (BC). However, the majority of Turkish women do not perform regular BSE. We aimed to evaluate the effects of education level on the attitudes and behaviors of women towards BSE. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 413 women (20-59 years), divided into university graduates (Group I, n = 224) and high school or lower graduates (Group II, n = 189). They completed a 22-item scale assessing the knowledge level, attitudes and behaviors regarding BSE, and the Turkish version of the Champion's Revised Health Belief Model. A significantly higher number of women in Group II did not believe in early diagnosis of BC. A significantly higher number of Group I had conducted BSE at least once, and their BSE frequency was also significantly high. Moreover, a significantly lower number of Group I women considered themselves to not be at risk for BC and the scores for "perceived susceptibility" and "perceived barriers" were significantly higher. Logistic regression analysis identified the university graduate group to have a higher likelihood of performing BSE, by 1.8 times. Higher educational levels were positively associated with BSE performance. Overall, the results suggest that Turkish women, regardless of their education level, need better education on BSE. Consideration of the education level in women will help clinicians develop more effective educational programs, resulting in more regular practice and better use of BSE.

Keywords

References

  1. Attia AK, Rahman DA, Kemal LI (1997). Effect of an educational film on Health Belief Model and breast selfexamination practise. East Mediterr Health J, 3, 435-43.
  2. Austoker J (2003). Breast self examination. BMJ, 326, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7379.1
  3. Bevers T (2004). Breast Self-examination. In 'Advanced Therapy of Breast Disease. 2nd edition', Eds. Singletary SE, Robb GL, and Hortobagyi GN. B.C. Decker Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, ?, 193-201.
  4. Bevers TB, Anderson BO, Bonaccio E, et al (2009). National Comprehensive Cancer Network: NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: breast cancer screening and diagnosis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 7, 1060-96. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2009.0070
  5. Budden L (1995). Young women's breast self-examination knowledge and practice. J Community Health Nurs, 12, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327655jchn1201_3
  6. Ceber E, Turk M, Ciceklioglu M (2010). The effects of an educational program on knowledge of breast cancer, early detection practices and health beliefs of nurses and midwives. J Clin Nurs, 19, 2363-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03150.x
  7. Champion VL (1990). Breast self-examination in women 35 and older: a prospective study. J Behavior Med, 13, 523-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844733
  8. Champion VL (1993). Instrument refinement for breast cancer screening behaviors. Nurs Res, 42, 139-43.
  9. Champion VL, Menon U (1997). Predicting mammography and breast self-examination in African American women. Cancer Nurs, 20, 315-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199710000-00002
  10. Champion VL, Scott CR (1997). Reliability and validity of breast cancer screening belief scales in African-American women. Nurs Res, 46, 331-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199711000-00006
  11. Champion VL (2003). Breast self-examination: what now? Oncol Nurs Forum, 30, 723-4. https://doi.org/10.1188/03.ONF.723-724
  12. Dodd GD (1992). American Cancer Society guidelines on screening for breast cancer. An overview. Cancer, 69, 1885-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920401)69:7+<1885::AID-CNCR2820691702>3.0.CO;2-B
  13. Dundar PE, Ozmen D, Ozturk R, et al (2006). The knowledge and attitudes of breast eslf examination and mammography in a group of women in a rural area in western Turkey. BMC Cancer, 6, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-6-43
  14. Fidaner C, Eser SY, Parkin DM (2001). Incidence in Izmir in 1993-1994: first results from Izmir Cancer Registry. Eur J Cancer, 37, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00355-5
  15. Gozum S, Aydın I (2004). Validation evidence for Turkish adaptation of Champion's health belief model scales. Cancer Nursing, 2, 491-8.
  16. Gursoy A, Hindistan S, Nural N, et al (2009). A comparison of three educational interventions on breast self-examination knowledge and health beliefs. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 765-72.
  17. Hacihasanoglu R, Gozum S (2008). The effect of training on the knowledge levels and beliefs regarding breast self examination on women attending a public education centre. Eur J Oncol Nursing, 12, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2007.06.005
  18. Haji-Mahmoodi M, Montazeri A, Jarvandi S, et al (2002). Breast self-examination: knowledge, attitudes and practices among female health care workers in Tehran, Iran. Breast J, 8, 222-5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4741.2002.08406.x
  19. Hakama M, Pukkala E, Kallio M, et al (1995). Effectiveness of screening for breast cancer in women under 50 years at entry: The Kotka pilot project in Finland. Int J Cancer, 63, 55-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910630111
  20. Hall DC, Adams CK, Stein GH, et al (1980). Improved detection of human breast lesions following experimental training. Cancer, 46, 408-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19800715)46:2<408::AID-CNCR2820460233>3.0.CO;2-P
  21. Karayurt O. Dramalı A (2007). Adaptation of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for Turkish women and evaluation of the selected variables associated with breast self-examination. Cancer Nurs, 30, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200701000-00013
  22. Karayurt O, Ozmen D, Cetinkaya AC (2008). Awareness of breast cancer risk factors and practice of breast self examination among high school students in Turkey. BMC Public Health, 8, 359-66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-359
  23. Lee SM, Park JH, Park HJ (2008). Breast cancer risk factors in Korean women: a literature review. Int Nursing Rev, 55, 355-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00633.x
  24. Leitch AM, Dodd GD, Costanza M, et al (1997). American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of breast cancer: update 1997. CA Cancer J Clin, 47, 150-3. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.47.3.150
  25. Lu ZJ (2001). Effectiveness of breast self-examination nursing interventions for Taiwanese community target groups. J Adv Nursing, 34, 163-70. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01741.x
  26. Manasciewicz R (2003). Breast self examination. Editorial misses central point. BMJ, 326, 710-?. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7391.710
  27. Oluwatosin OA (2010). Assessment of women's risk factors for breast cancer and predictors of the practice of breast examination in two rural areas near Ibadan, Nigeria. Cancer Epidemiol, 34, 425-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2010.04.005
  28. Ozanne EM, Klemp JR, Esserman LJ (2006). Breast cancer risk assessment and prevention: a framework for shared decisionmaking consultations. Breast J, 12, 103-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006.00217.x
  29. Ozmen V, Fidaner C, Aksaz E, et al (2009). Organizing early diagnosis and screening programs for breast cancer in Turkey "The report of Breast Cancer Early Detection and Screening Sub-Committee, National Cancer Advisory Board, The Ministry of Health of Turkey" [Article in Turkish]. J Breast Health, 5, 125-34.
  30. Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C, et al (2008). European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Ann Oncol, 19, 614-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm481
  31. Smith RA, D'orsi C, Newell MS (2010). Screening for breast cancer. In 'Diseases of the Breast. 4th edition', Eds Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, and Osborne CK. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, ?, 87-115.
  32. Tavafian SS, Hasani L, Aghamolaei T, et al (2009). Prediction of breast self-examination in a sample of Iranian women: an application of the Health Belief Model. BMC Womens Health, 9, 37-?. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-9-37
  33. Temiz M, Aslan A, Inandi T, et al (2008). Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of female teachers related to breast cancer and breast examination in Sothern Turkey. Breast Care, 3, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000114173
  34. Thomas B, Stamler LL, Lafreniere KD, et al (2002). Using the internet to identify womens' sources of vreast health education and screening. Women & Health, 36, 33-48.
  35. Thomsen A, Kolesar JM (2008). Chemoprevention of breast cancer. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 65, 2221-8. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070663
  36. Veronesi U, Boyle P, Goldhirsch A, et al (2005). Breast cancer. Lancet, 365, 1727-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66546-4
  37. Yavari P, Pourhoseingholi MA (2007). Socioeconomic factors association with knowledge and practice of breast selfexamination among Iranian women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 8, 618-22.

Cited by

  1. Predictors of breast self - examination among female teachers in Ethiopia using health belief model vol.73, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-015-0087-7
  2. Breast cancer awareness among Greek women and potential determinants vol.87, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13126-015-0227-0
  3. Development of a Breast Cancer Awareness Scale for Thai Women: Moving towards a Validated Measure vol.17, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.2.851
  4. Subjective and Objective Cancer Screening Knowledge Among White- and Blue-Collar Chinese Midlife Adults pp.1543-0154, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-016-1104-4
  5. Interventions Promoting Breast Cancer Screening Among Turkish Women With Global Implications: A Systematic Review vol.14, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12245