Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Horizontal Distributions and Their Ecotoxicological Implications Relating to PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and HCB in Sediments in the West Nakdong River

서낙동강 수계 퇴적물 내 PCBs, DDTs, HCHs 및 HCB의 수평적 분포와 잠재적 생태독성 영향 평가

  • We, Sung-Ug (Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Yoon, Cho-Hee (Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University) ;
  • Min, Byung-Yun (Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University)
  • 위성욱 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 윤조희 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과) ;
  • 민병윤 (경남대학교 도시환경공학과)
  • Received : 2011.11.02
  • Accepted : 2012.02.13
  • Published : 2012.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Horizontal distributions and their ecotoxicological implications relating to organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in surface sediments sampled from the West Nakdong River. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in surface sediments were in the range of 0.57-3.68, 0.41-8.35, 0.63-1.65, and n.d.-0.56 ng/g, respectively. DDTs represent the major OC in the West Nakdong River. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs correlate with the total organic carbon (PCBs: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05, respectively), indicating that organic content in the sediments is one of the major factors for influencing horizontal distribution of the organochlorine compounds in this river. Examining the potential poisonous character of the surface sediments to benthic organisms according to the sediment quality guideline (SQG), set out by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we found that the concentrations of total PCBs, p,p'-DDD, and ${\gamma}$-HCH were lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) and the probable effects level (PEL). As a result, it is considered that the effect of organochlorines in the region considered on benthic organisms is very low from the perspective of environmental toxicology. However, in terms of the Canadian SQC, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and total DDTs, respectively, exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and the threshold effect level (TEL) in 30%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, of the sediment samples analyzed.

본 연구는 서낙동강 표층퇴적물 내에 잔류하고 있는 유기염소계화합물의 수평적 분포와 잠재적 생태독성 영향력을 평가하였다. 표층퇴적물 내 PCBs, DDTs, HCHs 및 HCB의 잔류농도는 각각 0.57~3.68, 0.41~8.35, 0.63~1.65 및 n.d~0.56 ng/g의 범위로 주요 유기염소계화합물은 DDT 화합물이었다. PCBs, DDTs 농도와 총 유기탄소 함량은 유의한 상관관계(PCB: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05)를 보여 서낙동강 수계에서 퇴적물 내 유기물 함량은 유기염소계화합물의 수평적 분포에 작용하는 주요 인자로 나타났다. 퇴적물 오염기준을 이용하여 서낙동강 표층퇴적물의 저서생물에 대한 잠재적인 생태독성 영향을 평가한 결과 ${\gamma}PCBs$, p,p'-DDD 그리고 ${\gamma}$-HCH의 농도는 ER-L (저서생물에 10% 악영향이 나타날 수 있는 농도)과 PEL (악영향 기대수준)보다 낮아 독성학적 관점에서 저서생물에 미치는 악영향은 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT 및 ${\Sigma}DDTs$는 각각 30, 17 및 19%의 퇴적물에서 잠정퇴적물권고기준(ISQG)과 최초영향수준(TEL)을 초과하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Benazon Environmental Inc. 1999. Hexachlorobezene Emissions/Releases Inventory for the Province of Ontario, 1988, 1998, and 2000 Draft Report, Submitted to Toxic Prevention Division. Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada.
  2. Borga, K., G. W. Gabrielsen, and J. U. Skaare. 2001. Biomagnification of organochlorines along a Barents Sea food chain. Environ. Pollut. 113, 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00171-8
  3. Breivik, K., A. Sweetman, J. M. Pacyna, and K. C. Jones. 2002. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach. 1. Global production and consumption. Sci. Total Environ. 290, 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01075-0
  4. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, CCME. 2002. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. Winnipeg, Canada.
  5. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, CCME. 2003. Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. Winnipeg, Canada.
  6. Carvalho, F. P., S. W. Fowler, J. P. Villeneuve, and M. Horvat. 1996. Pesticide residues in the marine environment and analytical quality assurance of the results. in: International Symposium on the Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques for Studying Environmental Behaviour of Crop Protection Chemicals. 1-July, Vienna. 35-57.
  7. Doong, R. A., C. K. Peng, Y. C. Sun, and P. L. Liao. 2002. Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River estuary, Taiwan. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00102-9
  8. European Environment Agency, EEA. 2002. Available from http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEA Glossary/H/half-life of a pollutant.
  9. Fernandez, M., S. Cuesta, O., Jimenez, M. A. Garcõa, L. M. Hernandez, M. L. Marina, and M. J. Gonzalez. 2000. Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in the water/sediment system of the Southeast Regional Park in Madrid, Spain. Chemosphere 41, 801-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00004-7
  10. Fung, C. N., G. J. Zheng, D. W. Connell, X. Zhang, H. L. Wong, J. P. Giesy, and Z. Fang. 2005. Risks posed by trace organic contaminants in coastal sediments in the Pearl River Delta, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50, 1036-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.02.040
  11. Guzzella, L., C. Roscioli, L. Vigano, M. Sahab, S. K. Sarkar, and A. Bhattacharya. 2005. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India. Environ. Int. 31, 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.014
  12. Jeong, G. H., H. J. Kim, Y. J. Joo, Y. B. Kim, and H. Y. So. 2001. Distribution characteristics of PCBs in the sediments of the lower Nakdong River, Korea. Chemosphere 44, 1403-1411. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00466-5
  13. Klumpp, D. W., H. Huasheng, C. Humphrey, W. Xinhong, and S. Codi. 2002. Toxic contaminants and their biological effect in coastal waters of Xiamen, China. I. Organic pollutants in mussel and fish tissues. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44, 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00053-X
  14. Koh, C. H., J. S. Khim, D. L. Villeneuve, K. Kannan, B. G. Johnson, and J. P. Giesy. 2005. Instrumental and bioanalytical measures of dioxin-like and estrogenic compounds and activities associated with sediment from the Korean coast. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 61, 366-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.005
  15. Koh, C. H., J. S. Khim, K. Kannan, D. L. Villeneuve, K. Senthilkumar, and J. P. Giesy. 2004. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (TEQs) in sediment from the Hyeongsan River, Korea. Environ. Pollut. 132, 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.001
  16. KORDI. 2003. A study on the management model for environmental pollution of special management area in Namhae: (I) Gwangyang Bay study. BSPE 836-001577-7.
  17. Li, Y. F. 1999. Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment: from 1948 to 1997. Sci. Total Environ. 232, 121-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00114-X
  18. Li, Y. F. and R. W. Macdonald. 2005. Sources and pathways of selected organochlorine pesticides to the Arctic and the effect of pathway divergence on HCH trends in biota: a review. Sci. Total Environ. 342, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.027
  19. Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, MOMAF. 2001. The status of POPs contamination along the coast of Korea. Korea BSPM00070-00-1336-3.
  20. Nhan, D. D., F. P. Carvalho, N. M. Am, N. Q. Tuan, N. T. H. Yen, J. P. Villeneuve, and C. Cattini. 2001. Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in sediments and molluscs from freshwater canals in the Hanoi region. Environ. Pollut. 112, 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00149-4
  21. Nie, X., C. Lan, T. Wei, and Y. Yang. 2005. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the water, sediment and fish from the Pearl River estuary, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50, 537-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.046
  22. NOAA. 1999. The potential for biological effects of sediment- sorbed contaminants tested in the noational status and trends program. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52, NOAA, Seattle, USA.
  23. Pierard, C., H. Budzinski, and P. Garrigues. 1996. Grain-size distribution of polychlorobiphenyls in coastal sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2776-2783. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9600035
  24. Rajendran, R. B., T. Imagawa, H. Tao, and R. Ramesh. 2005. Distribution of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs, and their ecotoxicological implications in Bay of Bengal, India. Environ. Int. 31, 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.009
  25. Strandberg, B. O., B. van Bavel, R. A. Rergqvist, D. Broman, R. Ishaq, C. Naf, H. Pettersen, and C. Rappe. 1998. Occurrence, sedimentation and spatial variations of organochlorine contaminants in settling particulate matter and sediments in the northern part of the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1754-1759. https://doi.org/10.1021/es970789m
  26. Strandberg, B., C. Bandh, B. van Bavel, P. A. Bergqvist, C. Broman, R. Ishaq, C. Näf, and C. Rappe. 2000. Organochlorine compounds in the Gulf of Bothnia: sediment and benthic species. Chemosphere 40, 1205-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00370-7
  27. United Nations Environment Program, UNEP. 2002. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. South East Asia and South Pacific.
  28. United Nations Environmental Program, UNEP. 2003. Stockholm Convention: Master List of Actions: on the reduction and/or elimination of the releases of persistent organic pollutants. Fifth eds. Geneva, Switzerland.
  29. We, S. U., K. H. Kim, B. H. Cho, Y. J. Cho, C. H. Yoon, and B. Y. Min. 2010. The Relationship among the Indicator PCBs in Breast Milk and Dietary Habits and Demographic Factors in Women Living in Urban Areas. J. Env. Hlth. Sci. 36, 199-207.
  30. Willett, K. L., E. M. Ulrich, and R. A. Hites. 1998. Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2197-2207. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9708530
  31. Zoeller, R. T. 2005. At the cutting edge. Environmental chemicals as thyroid hormone analogues: New studies indicate that thyroid hormone receptors are targets of industrial chemicals. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 242, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2005.07.006

Cited by

  1. Standing Crop Distribution of Aquatic Plants in the West Nakdong River and Riparian Wetlands in the Nakdong River. vol.47, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2014.47.1.062