DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Tetrazolium Violet Induced Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells

  • Received : 2012.09.07
  • Accepted : 2012.03.12
  • Published : 2012.03.31

Abstract

Tetrazolium violet is a tetrazolium salt and has been proposed as an antitumor agent. In this study, we reported for the first time that tetrazolium violet not only inhibited human lung cancer A549 cell proliferation but also induced apoptosis and blocked cell cycle progression in the G1 phase. The results showed that tetrazolium violet significantly decreased the viability of A549 cells at $5-15{\mu}M$. Tetrazolium violet -induced apoptosis in A549 cells was confirmed by H33258 staining assay. In A549, tetrazolium violet blocked the progression of the cell cycle at G1 phase by inducing p53 expression and further up-regulating p21/WAF1 expression. In addition, an enhancement in Fas/APO-1 and its two forms of ligands, membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), as well as caspase, were responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by tetrazolium violet. The conclusion of this study is that tetrazolium violet induced p53 expression which caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These findings suggest that tetrazolium violet has strong potential for development as an agent for treatment lung cancer.

Keywords

References

  1. Brown, J. M. and Wouters, B. G. (1999) Apoptosis, p53, and tumor cell sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Res. 59, 1391-1399.
  2. Brune, B. (2005) The intimate relation between nitric oxide and superoxide in apoptosis and cell survival. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 7, 497-507. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2005.7.497
  3. Cai, C. F., Feng, L., Wang, L., Kong, Q. Z. and Zhao, Y. F. (2009) Tetrazolium violet induces apoptosis via caspases-8, -9 activation and Fas/FasL up-regulation in rat C6 glioma cells. Arch. Pharm. Res. 32, 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-009-1414-8
  4. Castaneda, F. and Kinne, R. K. (2001) Apoptosis induced in HepG2 cells by short exposure to millimolar concentrations of ethanol involves the Fas-receptor pathway. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 127, 418-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004320000227
  5. Chang, J. S., Hsu, Y. L., Kuo, P. L., Chiang, L. C. and Lin, C. C. (2004) Upregulation of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis by gossypol in an immortalized human alveolar lung cancer cell line. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 31, 716-722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04078.x
  6. Chen, S., Gao, J., Halicka, H. D., Huang, X., Traganos, F. and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (2005) The cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of oridonin (Rubescenin), a diterpenoid from Rabdosia rubescens, on tumor cells of different lineage. Int. J. Oncol. 26, 579-588.
  7. Cheng, Y. L., Chang, W. L., Lee, S. C., Liu, Y. G., Lin, H. C., Chen, C. J., Yen, C. Y., Yu, D. S., Lin, S. Z. and Harn, H. J. (2003) Acetone extract of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium inhibits proliferation of A549 human lung cancer cells via inducing apoptosis and suppressing telomerase activity. Life Sci. 73, 2383-2394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00648-9
  8. Chiu, T. H., Lai, W. W., Hsia, T. C., Yang, J. S., Lai, T. Y., Wu, P. P., Ma, C. Y., Yeh, C. C., Ho, C. C., Lu, H. F., Wood, W. G. and Chung, J. G. (2009) Aloe-emodin induces cell death through S-phase arrest and caspase-dependent pathways in human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells. Anticancer Res. 29, 4503-4511.
  9. Fujita, T., Maruyama, M., Araya, J., Sassa, K., Kawagishi, Y., Hayashi, R., Matsui, S., Kashii, T., Yamashita, N., Sugiyama, E. and Kobayashi, M. (2002) Hydrogen peroxide induces upregulation of Fas in human airway epithelial cells via the activation of PARP-p53 pathway. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 27, 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.4775
  10. Goel, A., Fuerst, F., Hotchkiss, E. and Boland, C. R. (2006) Selenomethionine induces p53 mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 5, 529-535. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.5.5.2654
  11. Hamann, K. J., Dorscheid, D. R., Ko, F. D., Conforti, A. E., Sperling, A. I., Rabe, K. F. and White, S. R. (1998) Expression of Fas (CD95) and FasL (CD95L) in human airway epithelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19, 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb.19.4.3100
  12. Haupt, S., Berger, M., Goldberg, Z. and Haupt, Y. (2003) Apoptosis - the p53 network. J. Cell Sci. 116, 4077-4085. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00739
  13. Hengartner, M. O. (2000) The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407, 770-776. https://doi.org/10.1038/35037710
  14. Igney, F. H. and Krammer, P. H. (2002) Death and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2, 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc776
  15. Kayagaki, N., Kawasaki, A., Ebata, T., Ohmoto, H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, S., Yoshino, K., Okumura, K. and Yagita, H. (1995) Metalloproteinase- mediated release of human Fas ligand. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1777-1783. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.6.1777
  16. Kim, P. K., Park, S. Y., Koty, P. P., Hua, Y., Luketich, J. D. and Billiar, T. R. (2003) Fas-associating death domain protein overexpression induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 125, 1336-1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(02)73227-3
  17. Kong, Q., Zhang, N., Yang, X. Q. and Chen, L. W. (2003) Treating cancer using tetrazolium compounds. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. A154.
  18. Kong, Q., Zhang, N. and Zhao, Y. F. (2004) Tetrazolium violet sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. A556.
  19. Kurdi, M. and Booz, G. W. (2007) Jak inhibition, but not Stat1 knockdown, blocks the synergistic effect of IFN-gamma on Fas-induced apoptosis of A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 27, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2007.0074
  20. Lockshin, R. A. and Zakeri, Z. (2004) Apoptosis, autophagy, and more. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36, 2405-2419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.011
  21. Maddika, S., Ande, S. R., Panigrahi, S., Paranjothy, T., Weglarczyk, K., Zuse, A., Eshraghi, M., Manda, K. D., Wiechec, E. and Los, M. (2007) Cell survival, cell death and cell cycle pathways are interconnected: implications for cancer therapy. Drug Resist. Updat. 10, 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2007.01.003
  22. Mediavilla, M. D., Cos, S. and Sánchez-Barceló, E. J. (1999) Melatonin increases p53 and p21WAF1 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Life Sci. 65, 415-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00262-3
  23. Nagata, S. and Golstein, P. (1995) The Fas death factor. Science 267, 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7533326
  24. Peter, M. E. and Krammer, P. H. (2003) The CD95(APO-1/Fas) DISC and beyond. Cell Death Differ. 10, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401186
  25. Philchenkov, A. (2004) Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death. J. Cell Mol. Med. 8, 432-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
  26. Philchenkov, A., Zavelevich, M., Kroczak, T. J. and Los, M. (2004) Caspases and cancer: mechanisms of inactivation and new treatment modalities. Exp. Oncol. 26, 82-97.
  27. Riedl, S. J. and Shi, Y. (2004) Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm1496
  28. Ryan, K. M., Phillips, A. C. and Vousden, K. H. (2001) Regulation and function of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 332-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00216-7
  29. Saretzki, G. (2010) Cellular senescence in the development and treatment of cancer. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16, 79-100. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161210789941874
  30. Shankaranarayanan, P. and Nigam, S. (2003) IL-4 induces apoptosis in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells: evidence for the pivotal role of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid binding to activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription factor. J. Immunol. 170, 887-894. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.887
  31. Tsagarakis, N. J., Drygiannakis, I., Batistakis, A. G., Kolios, G. and Kouroumalis, E. A. (2011) Octreotide induces caspase activation and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. World J. Gastroenterol. 17, 313-321. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i3.313
  32. Vidya Priyadarsini, R., Senthil Murugan, R., Maitreyi, S., Ramalingam, K., Karunagaran, D. and Nagini, S. (2010) The fl avonoid quercetin induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells through p53 induction and NF- ${\kappa}B$ inhibition. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 649, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.020
  33. Wang, Z. B., Liu, Y. Q. and Cui, Y. F. (2005) Pathways to caspase activation. Cell Biol. Int. 29, 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2005.04.001
  34. Zhao, Y., Wu, S., Wu, J., Jia, P., Gao, S., Yan, X. and Wang, Y. (2011) Introduction of hypoxia-targeting p53 fusion protein for the selective therapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol. Ther. 11, 95-107. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.11.1.13960
  35. Zhao, Y., Zhang, N. and Kong, Q. (2006) Tetrazolium violet induces G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in brain tumor cells. J. Neurooncol. 77, 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-005-9012-1

Cited by

  1. Impaired autophagy contributes to hepatocellular damage during ischemia/reperfusion: Heme oxygenase-1 as a possible regulator vol.68, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.014
  2. Cytotoxic Effect of Clerosterol Isolated from Codium fragile on A2058 Human Melanoma Cells vol.11, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/md11020418
  3. Activation of protein kinase C delta reduces hepatocellular damage in ischemic preconditioned rat liver vol.185, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.07.005
  4. Anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of matricin on human non-small cell lung cancer H1299 cells via MAPK pathway activation vol.18, pp.None, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/2058739220942335
  5. Polyphosphate Reverses the Toxicity of the Quasi-Enzyme Bleomycin on Alveolar Endothelial Lung Cells In Vitro vol.13, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040750