Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Food Allergy, a Newly Emerging Food Epidemic: Is the Current Regulation Adequate?

  • Lee, N. Alice (School of Chemical Engineering, Food Science and Technology, University of New South Wales)
  • Received : 2012.10.11
  • Accepted : 2012.11.24
  • Published : 2012.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Food allergy refers to an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to food, mainly to proteinaceous constituents. Health implications vary between those individuals who experience mild physical discomforts to those with fast-acting, life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. The prevalence of food allergy is higher in children than in adults, estimated around 4-8% and 1-2% respectively in developed countries. Food allergy has no effective cure at the present time and total avoidance of causative foods is the most reliable prophylactic method currently recommended by the medical community. To help food allergic patients to make informed choices of their foods, mandatory labeling of selected food allergens has been introduced in several countries. All food allergen labelling provisions specify a set of allergens common to the regulated countries. Policy divergence, however, exists between countries by inclusion of additional allergens unique to specific countries and enforcement of specific labelling requirements. Such variations in food allergen labelling regulations make it difficult to manage allergen labeling in imported pre-packaged food products. This paper addresses two current issues in food allergen regulation: 1) an urgent need to determine true prevalence of food allergy in the Asia-Pacific region. This will enable refinement to the food allergen regulation to be more country-specific rather than simply adopting CODEX recommendations. 2) There is an urgent need for harmonization of food allergen regulation in order to prevent food allergen regulation becoming a trade barrier.

Keywords

References

  1. David, T.J. : Adverse reactions and intolerance to foods. Brit. Med. Bull., 56, 34-50 (2009).
  2. Cianferoni, A. and Spergel, J.M. : Food allergy: review, classification and diagnosis. Allergol. Int., 58, 457-466 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.09-RAI-0138
  3. O'Connell, E.J. : Pediatric allergy: a brief review of risk factors associated with developing allergic disease in childhood. Ann. Allerg. Asthma Im., 90, 53-58 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61661-4
  4. Nurmatov, U., Devereux, G., and Sheikh, A. : Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 127, 724-733 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.001
  5. Sellge, G. and Bischoff, S.C. : The immunological basis of IgE-mediated reactions. In: Food allergy: adverse reactions to foods and food additives, 4rd Ed. (Metcalfe, D.D., Sampson, H.A. and Simon, R.A. eds.) Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK. pp. 15-28 (2008).
  6. Breiteneder, H. and Mills, E.N.C. : Plant food allergens -structural and functional aspects of allergenicity. Biotechnol. Adv., 23, 395-399 (2005a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.05.004
  7. Breiteneder, H. and Mills, E.N.C. : Molecular properties of food allergens, J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 115, 14-23 (2005b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.10.022
  8. Heine, R.G., Laske, N. and Hill, D.J. : The diagnosis and management of egg allergy. Curr. Allerg. Asthm. Rep., 6, 145-152 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-006-0053-0
  9. Woods, R.K., Stoney, R.M. and Raven, J. : Reported adverse food reactions overestimate true food allergy in the community. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 56, 31-36 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601306
  10. De Boissieu, D. and Dupont, C. : Natural course of sensitization to hen's egg in children not previously exposed to egg ingestion. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immun., 38, 113-117 (2006).
  11. Aabin, B., Poulsen, L.K., Ebbehoj, K., Norgaard, A., Frokiaer, H., Bindslev-Jensen, C. and Barkholt, V. : Identification of IgE-binding egg white proteins: comparison of results obtained by different methods. Int. Arch. Allergy Imm., 109, 50-57 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1159/000237231
  12. Host, A. : Frequency of cow's milk allergy in childhood. Ann. Allerg. Asthma Im., 89, 33-37 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62120-5
  13. Allen, C.W., Campbell, D.E. and Kemp, A.S. : Egg allergy: are all childhood food allergies the same?. J. Paediatr. Child H., 43, 214-218 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.00996.x
  14. Emmett, S.E., Angus, F.J., Fry, J.S. and Lee, P.N. : Perceived prevalence of peanut allergy in Great Britain and its association with other atopic conditions and with peanut allergy in other household members. Allergy, 54, 380-385 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00768.x
  15. Sicherer, S.H., Munoz-Furlong, A., Burks, A.W. and Sampson, H.A.: Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: A 5-year follow-up study. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 112, 1203-1207 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(03)02026-8
  16. Grundy, J., Matthews, S., Bateman, B., Dean, T., and Arhad. S.H. : Rising prevalence of allergy to peanut in children: Data from 2 sequential cohorts. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 110, 784-789 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.128802
  17. Skolnick, H.S., Conover-Walker, M.K., Koerner, C.B., Sampson, H.A., Burks, W. and Wood, R.A. : The natural history of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 107, 367-374 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.112129
  18. Bock, S.A., Munoz-Fur, L.A. and Sampson, H.A. : Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 107, 191-193 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.112031
  19. van Boxtel. E.L., van Beers, M.M., Koppelman, S.J., van den Broek, L.A. and Gruppen, H. : Allergen Ara h 1 occurs in peanuts as a large oligomer rather than as a trimer. J. Agr. Food Chem., 54, 7180-7186 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061433+
  20. van Boxtel, E.L., van den Broek, L.A., Koppelman, S.J. and Gruppen, H. : Legumin allergens from peanuts and soybeans: Effects of denaturation and aggregation on allergenicity. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 674-682 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700299
  21. Koppelman, S.J., Knol, E.F., Vlooswijk, R.A., Wensing, M., Knulst, A.C., Hefle, S.L., Gruppen, H. and Piersma, S. : Peanut allergen Ara h 3: Isolation from peanuts and biochemical characterization. Allergy, 58, 1144-1151 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00259.x
  22. Koppelman, S.J., Wensing, M., Ertmann, M., Knulst, A.C. and Knol, E.F. : Relevance of Ara h1, Ara h2 and Ara h3 in peanut-allergic patients, as determined by immunoglobulin E Western blotting, basophil-histamine release and intracutaneous testing: Ara h2 is the most important peanut allergen. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 34, 583-590 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1923.x
  23. Krause, S., Reese, G., Randow, S., Zennaro, D., Quaratino, D., Palazzo, P., Ciardiello, M.A., Petersen, A., Becker, W.M. and Mari, A. : Lipid transfer protein (Ara h 9) as a new peanut allergen relevant for a Mediterranean allergic population. J. allergy clin. Immun., 124, 771-778 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.008
  24. Lee, B.J. and Park, H.S. : Common Whelk (Buccinum undatum) Allergy: Identification of IgE-binding Components and Effects of Heating and Digestive Enzymes. J. Korean Med. Sci., 19, 793-799 (2004). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2004.19.6.793
  25. James, J.M., Helm, R.M., Burks, A.W. and Lehrer, S.B. : Comparison of pediatric and adult IgE antibody binding to fish proteins. Ann. Allerg. Asthma Imm., 79, 131-137 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63099-2
  26. Van Do, T., Elsayed, S., Florvaag, E., Hordvik, I. and Endresen, C. : Allergy to fish parvalbumins: studies on the cross-reactivity of allergens from 9 commonly consumed fish. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 116, 1314-1320 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.07.033
  27. Bernhisel-Broadbent, J., Scanlon, S.M. and Sampson, H.A. : Fish hypersensitivity. I. In vitro and oral challenge results in fish-allergic patients. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 89, 730-737 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(92)90381-B
  28. Hansen, T.K., Bindslev-Jensen, C., Skov, P.S. and Poulsen, L.K. : Codfish allergy in adults: IgE cross-reactivity among fish species. Ann. Allerg. Asthma Im., 78, 187-194 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63386-8
  29. Hilger, C., Grigioni, F., Thill, L., Mertens, L. and Hentges, F. : Severe IgE-mediated anaphylaxis following consumption of fried frog legs. Allergy, 57, 1053-1058 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.23677.x
  30. Lee, B.W., Shek, L.P-C., Gerez, I.F.A., Soh, S.E. and Van Bever, H.P. : Food Allergy-Lessons from Asia. World Allergy Organiz. J., 1, 129-133 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e31817b7431
  31. Sampson, H.A. : Update on food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 113, 805-819 (2005).
  32. Codex Alimentarius : General standard for the labeling of prepackaged foods. Codex Stan. 1-1985. (2010) Available from: http://www.codexalimentarius.org/download/standards/32/CXS _001e.pdf. Accessed Oct.15. 2012.
  33. Hadley, C. : Food allergies on the rise?. EMBO Report, 7, 1080-1083 (2006).
  34. van der Poel, L., Chen, J. and Penagos, M. : Food allergy epidemic - Is it only a Western phenomenon?. Curr. Allergy Clin. Immun., 22, 121-126 (2009).
  35. Imamura, T., Kanagawa, Y. and Ebisawa, M. : A survey of patients with self-reported severe food allergies in Japan. Pediatr. Allergy Immun, 19, 270-274 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00621.x
  36. Wang, Z. : An allergy prevalence survey in population of 10,144 people. Chinese J. Epidemiol., 11, 100-102 (1990).
  37. Wieslander, G., Norback, D. and Wang, Z. : Buckwheat allergy and reports on asthma and atopic disorders in Taiyuan City, Northern China. Asian Pacific J. Allergy Immun., 18, 147-152 (2000).
  38. O'Neil, C.E., Zanovec, M. and Nicklas, T.A. : A review of food allergy and nutritional considerations in the food-allergic adult. Am. J. Lifestyle Med., 5, 49-62 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827610378348
  39. Codex Alimentarius : Food Labeling 5th Ed. (2005) Available from: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1390e/a1390e00.pdf. Accessed Oct. 15. 2012.
  40. Food standards Australia New Zealand : Review of the regulatory management of food allergens (2010) Available from: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Review%20of%20 the%20Regulatory%20Management%20of%20Food%20Aller gensFSANZ%20Dec%202010.pdf. Accessed Oct. 2. 2012.
  41. Food and Drug Administration : Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (2004) Available from: http:/ /www.fda.gov/food/labelingnutrition/FoodAllergensLabeling/ Guidance Comp lianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm106187.htm. Accessed Oct. 8. 2012.
  42. Health Canada : Amendments to the Food Allergen Labelling Regulations, Canada Gazette, Part II (CGII) (2011). Available form: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/label-etiquet/allergen/indexeng. php. Accessed Oct 8. 2012.
  43. European Parliament : Directive 2003/89/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 November 2003 amending Directive 2000/13/EC as regards indication of the ingredients present in foodstuffs (2003) Available form: http://ec.europa. eu/food/food/labellingnutrition/foodlabelling/fl_com2003-89_ en.pdf. Accessed Oct 2. 2012.
  44. Akiyama, H., Imai, T. and Ebisawa, M. : Japan Food Allergen Labeling Regulation - History and Evaluation. Adv. Food Nutr. Res., 62, 139-171 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385989-1.00004-1
  45. Korean Food and Drug Administration : Information extracted from the USDA ARS GAIN Report KS1102.
  46. Gendel, S.M. : Comparison of international food allergen labeling regulations. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 63, 279-285 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.007