References
- AOAC. 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Virginia, USA.
- Bryant, M. P. 1974. Nutritional features and ecology of predominant anaerobic bacteria of the intestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27:1313-1319.
- Casper, D. P., D. J. Schingoethe and W. A. Eisenbeisz. 1990. Response of early lactation dairy cows fed diets varying in sources of nonstructural carbohydrate and crude protein. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1039-1050. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78763-2
- Chaney, A. L. and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8:130-132.
- Charles, S. L. 1999. Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): The first 30 years (1968-1998) - A review. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 23:991-1007.
- Cheng, K. J., C. W. Forsberg, H. Minato and J. W. Costerton. 1991. Microbial ecology and physiology of feed degradation within the rumen. In: Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminant (Ed. T. Suda, Y. Sasaki and R. Kawashima), Academic Press, Toronto, ON. pp. 595-624.
- Chumpawadee, S. and O. Pimpa. 2009. Effects of non forage fiber sources in total mixed ration on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, chewing behavior and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8:2038-2044.
- Church, D. C. 1972. Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. In: Practical Nutrition. O & B books Inc. Corvallis, Oregon, USA. 3:351.
- Doumas, B. T., W. A. Watson and H. G. Biggs. 1971. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromocresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta. 31:87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(71)90365-2
- Farrance, I. 1987. Plasma glucose methods, a review. Clin. Chem. Rev. 8:55-68.
- Flack, C. P. and J. W. Woollen. 1984. Prevention of interference by dextran with biurret type assay of serum. Clin. Chem. 30:559-561.
- Ellenberger, M. A., D. E. Johnson, G. E. Carstens, K. L. Hossener, M. D. Holland, T. M. Nett and C. F. Nockels. 1989. Endocrine and metabolic change during altered growth rates in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1446.
- Erdman, R. A., G. H. Proctor and J. H. Vandersall. 1986. Effect of rumen ammonia concentration on in situ rate and extent of digestion of feedstuffs. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2312-2320. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80670-1
- Enright, W. J., J. F. Quirke, P. D. Gluckman, B. H. Breier, L. G. Kennedy, I. C. Hart, J. F. Rochecoert and P. Allen. 1990. Effects of long time administration of pituitary derived bovine growth hormone and estradiol on growth in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 68:2345.
- Erkki, H., Y. Reino, R. Risto, V. Matti, H. Matti and S. Mikko. 1998. Effect of alcohol on exercise induced changes in serum glucose and serum free fatty acids. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. p. 22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03671.x
- Galbraith, H., D. G. Dempster and T. B. Miller. 1978. A note on the effect of castration on the growth performance and concentrations of some blood metabolites and hormones in British Fresian male cattle. Anim. Prod. 26:339-342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100040964
- Harrison, J. H., R. E. Riley and K. A. Long. 1989. Effect of type and amount of buffer addition to grass silage-based total mixed rations on milk production and composition. J. Dairy. Sci. 72:1824-1830. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79299-7
- Howard, K., N. Takusari and N. Yamagishi. 1986. Effect of TMR feeding frequency on eating behavior of lactating cow. J. Dairy Sci. 69:692-694.
- Hristov, A. N. and T. A. McAllister. 2002. Effects of inoculants on whole-barley silage fermentation and dry matter disappearance in situ. J. Anim. Sci. 80:510-516.
- Husdan, H. and A. Rapoport. 1968. Estimation of creatinine by the Jaffe reaction: a comparison of three methods. Clin. Chem. 14:222-238.
- Keady, T. W. J. and C. S. Mayne. 2001. The effect of concentrate energy source on feed intake and rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows offered a range of grass silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 90:117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00220-6
- Kellems, R., O. R. Jones, D. Andrus and M. V. Wallentine. 1991. Effect of moisture in total mixed rations on feed consumption and milk production and composition in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:929-932. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78242-8
- Kim, K. H., K. S. Kim, S. C. Lee, Y. G. Oh, C. S. Chung and K. J. Kim. 2003. Effects of total mixed rations on ruminal characteristics, digestibility and beef production of Hanwoo. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Kor). 45:387-396. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2003.45.3.387
- Li, D. Y., J. Y. Ko, N. J. Choi, S. S. Lee, J. Y. Song, S. Y. Lee, S. H. Park, H. G. Sung and J. K. Ha. 2003a. Effects of types of TMR on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrients digestibility in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Kor). 45:805-812. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2003.45.5.805
- Li, D. Y., S. S. Lee, N. J. Choi, S. Y. Lee, H. G. Sung, J. Y. Ko, S. G. Yun and J. K. Ha. 2003b. Effects of feeding system on rumen fermentation parameters and nutrient digestibility in Holstein steers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:1482-1486. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.1482
- Lin, G. Z., C. H. Kim, S. J. Ohh, K. I. Sung, H. S. Kim, J. B. Kim and B. J. Hong. 2001. Effect of alcohol-fermented feedstuffs on growth performance and blood metabolites in hanwoo. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Kor.) 43:881-894.
- Lin, G. Z., B. W. Kim, H. S. Kim, K. I. Sung, S. J. Ohh, B. J. Hong and J. S. Shin. 2004. Changes in serum metabolites and growth characteristics of Korean native steers fed alcohol-fermented feeds. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:648-654. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2004.648
- Mandebvu, P., J. W. West, M. A. Froetschel, R. D. Hatfield, R. N. Gates and G. M. Hill. 1999. Effect of enzyme or microbial treatment of bermudagrass forage before ensiling on cell wall composition, end products of silage fermentation and in situ digestion kinetics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 77:317-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00247-8
- Mao, S. Y., G. Zhang and W. Y. Zhu. 2007. Effect of disodium fumarate on in vitro rumen fermentation of different substrates and rumen bacterial communities as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 20:543-549. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.543
- McGilliard, M. L., J. M. Swisher and R. E. James. 1983. Grouping lactating cows by nutritional requirements for feeding. J. Dairy Sci. 66:1084-1093. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81905-5
- McCarthy, R. D., T. H. Klusmeyer, J. L. Vicini, J. H. Clark and D. R. Nelson. 1989. Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2002-2016. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79324-3
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 2002. Development of TMR feeding system for fattening Hanwoo. National Agricultural Co-operative Federation Stock Raising Research Institute and Agriculture-Life Science Department, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- NIAS (National Institute of Animal Science). 2007. Standard tables of feed composition in Korea. Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea.
- Nock, J. E., R. L. Steele and D. G. Braund. 1985. Effect of mixed ration nutrient density on milk of cows transferred from high production group. J. Dairy Sci. 68:133-139. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80806-7
- Nock, J. E., R. L. Steele and D. G. Braund. 1986. Performance of dairy cows fed forage and grain separately versus a total mixed ration. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2140-2147. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80646-4
- Overton, T. R., M. R. Cameron, J. P. Elliott, J. H. Clark and D. R. Nelson. 1995. Ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the duodenum of lactating cows fed mixtures of corn and barley. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1981.
- Owen, J. B. 1984. Complete-diet feeding for cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 11:269-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(84)90019-8
- Park, B. K., J. M. Gil, J. B. Kim, B. J. Hong, C. S. Ra and J. S. Shin. 2003. Effects of fermented feedstuff with we brewer's grain and soybean on fattening performance and carcass grade in Hanwoo steers. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Kor.) 45:397-408. https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2003.45.3.397
- Patterson, D. C., C. S. Mayne, F. J. Gordon and D. J. Kilpatrick. 1997. An evaluation of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle. Grass Forage Sci. 52:325-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02363.x
- Roch-Ramel, F. 1967. An enzymic and fluorophotometric method for estimating urea concentrations in nanoliter specimens. Anal. Biochem. 21:372-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(67)90312-0
- Russell, J. B. and P. J. Van Soest. 1984. In vitro ruminal fermentation of organic acids common in forage. Appl. Envron. Microbiol. 47:155-159.
- Russell, J. B. and H. J. Strobel. 1988. Effects of additives on in vitro ruminal fermentation: A comparison of monensin and bacitracin, another gram-positive antibiotic. J. Anim. Sci. 66:552-558.
- SAS Institute Inc. 2004. SAS/STAT user's guide version 9.1. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
- Sasaki, H., K. Horiguchi and T. Takahashi. 2001. Effects of concentrate and roughage ratios on ruminal balance of long chain fatty acids in sheep. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14:960-965. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.960
- Sirohi, S. K., M. Raman and T. K. Walli. 2001. Development and evaluation of protected fat in wheat straw based total mixed ration. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14:1405-1408. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1405
- Slyter, L. L., L. D. Satter and D. A. Dinius, 1979. Effect of ruminal ammonia concentration on nitrogen utilization by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 48:906-912.
- Tilley, J. M. A. and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass and Forage Sci. 18:104-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x
- Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583.
Cited by
- Effect of Soybean Meal and Soluble Starch on Biogenic Amine Production and Microbial Diversity Using In vitro Rumen Fermentation vol.28, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0555
- Rumen fermentation and performance of Hanwoo steers fed total mixed ration with Korean rice wine residue vol.58, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-016-0084-6
- Effect of paddy straw plus nonforage fiber sources based complete rations with different levels of neutral detergent fiber on hemato-biochemical and mineral profile of lactating dairy cows vol.10, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.836-842
- Effects of feeding system on growth performance, plasma biochemical components and hormones, and carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers vol.30, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0166
- Effects of forage ensiling and ration fermentation on total mixed ration pH, ruminal fermentation and performance of growing Holstein-Zebu cross steers vol.88, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12797
- The effect of Bacillus coagulans-fermented and nonfermented Ginkgo biloba on the immunity status of broiler chickens1,2 vol.93, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-8902
- Effect of Fumarate Reducing Bacteria on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Methane Mitigation and Microbial Diversity vol.52, pp.2, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3518-1
- Effects of Sulfur Levels in Fermented Total Mixed Ration Containing Fresh Cassava Root on Feed Utilization, Rumen Characteristics, Microbial Protein Synthesis, and Blood Metabolites in Thai Native Bee vol.9, pp.5, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050261
- Effect of sulfur concentrations in fermented total mixed rations containing fresh cassava root on rumen fermentation vol.60, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1071/an18779
- Meat Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Sensory Attributes of Meat from Goats Fed Diet Supplemented with Fermented Saccharina japonica and Dendropanax morbifera vol.9, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9070937
- Growth performance and blood profiles of Hanwoo steers at fattening stage fed Korean rice wine residue vol.62, pp.6, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2020.62.6.812
- The Effects of Total Mixed Ration Feeding with High Roughage Content on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers vol.41, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2020.e73
- A Preliminary Study on Effects of Fermented Feed Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers during the Early and Late Fattening Period vol.11, pp.11, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115202