Role for Epigenetic Mechanisms in Major Depression

우울증의 후생유전적 기전의 역할

  • Kim, Jae-Won (Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University) ;
  • Yoon, Bong-June (Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University)
  • 김재원 (고려대학교 생명과학대학 생명과학부) ;
  • 윤봉준 (고려대학교 생명과학대학 생명과학부)
  • Received : 2011.09.09
  • Accepted : 2011.10.05
  • Published : 2011.11.30

Abstract

Major depression is a devastating disorder of which lifetime prevalence rate is as high as up to 25% in general population. Although the etiology of the disorder is still poorly understood, it is generally accepted that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the precipitation of depression. Stressful lifetime events are potent precipitating environmental factors for major depression and early-life stress is in particular an important element that predisposes individuals to major depression later in life. How environmental factors such as stress can make our neural networks susceptible to depression and how those factors leave long-lasting influences have been among the major questions in the field of depression research. Epigenetic regulations can provide a bridging mechanism between environmental factors and genetic factors so that these two factors can additively determine individual predispositions to major depression. Here we introduce epigenetic regulations as candidate mechanisms that mediate the integration of environmental adversaries with genetic predispositions, which may lead to the development of major depression, and summarize basic molecular events that underlie epigenetic regulations as well as experimental evidences that support the active role of epigenetic regulation in major depression.

Keywords

References

  1. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:837-841.
  2. Gilmer WS, McKinney WT. Early experience and depressive disorders: human and non-human primate studies. J Affect Disord 2003; 75:97-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00046-6
  3. Leonardo ED, Hen R. Anxiety as a developmental disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33:134-140. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301569
  4. Caldji C, Tannenbaum B, Sharma S, Francis D, Plotsky PM, Meaney MJ. Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:5335-5340. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.9.5335
  5. Meaney MJ. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001;24:1161-1192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161
  6. Weaver IC, Champagne FA, Brown SE, Dymov S, Sharma S, Meaney MJ, et al. Reversal of maternal programming of stress responses in adult offspring through methyl supplementation: altering epigenetic marking later in life. J Neurosci 2005;25:11045-11054. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3652-05.2005
  7. Collier DA, Stober G, Li T, Heils A, Catalano M, Di Bella D, et al. A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene: possible role in susceptibility to affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry 1996;1:453-460.
  8. Mendlewicz J, Massat I, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Oruc L, N?then MM, et al. Serotonin transporter 5HTTLPR polymorphism and affective disorders: no evidence of association in a large European multicenter study. Eur J Hum Genet 2004;12:377-382. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201149
  9. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301:386-389. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083968
  10. McEwen BS. Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1204:E38-E59.
  11. McEwen BS, Sapolsky RM. Stress and cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995;5:205-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(95)80028-X
  12. Shors TJ, Seib TB, Levine S, Thompson RF. Inescapable versus escapable shock modulates long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus. Science 1989;244:224-226. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2704997
  13. Banasr M, Duman RS. Regulation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis by stress and antidepressant treatment. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2007;6:311-320. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152707783220929
  14. Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 2000;20:9104-9110.
  15. Dranovsky A, Hen R. Hippocampal neurogenesis: regulation by stress and antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:1136-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.082
  16. Surget A, Tanti A, Leonardo ED, Laugeray A, Rainer Q, Touma C, et al. Antidepressants recruit new neurons to improve stress response regulation. Mol Psychiatry;2011.
  17. Dranovsky A, Picchini AM, Moadel T, Sisti AC, Yamada A, Kimura S, et al. Experience dictates stem cell fate in the adult hippocampus. Neuron 2011;70:908-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.022
  18. Waddington CH. The epigenotype. Endeavour 1942;1:18-20.
  19. Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature 2007;447:396-398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05913
  20. Dernburg AF, Karpen GH. A chromosome RNAissance. Cell 2002; 111:159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01039-5
  21. Jenuwein T. Molecular biology. An RNA-guided pathway for the epigenome. Science 2002;297:2215-2218. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077903
  22. Agrawal N, Dasaradhi PV, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Bhatnagar RK, Mukherjee SK. RNA interference: biology, mechanism, and applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003;67:657-685. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.67.4.657-685.2003
  23. Ehrlich M, Gama-Sosa MA, Huang LH, Midgett RM, Kuo KC, Mc- Cune RA, et al. Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues of cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1982;10:2709-2721. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/10.8.2709
  24. Jones PA, Takai D. The role of DNA methylation in mammalian epigenetics. Science 2001;293:1068-1070. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063852
  25. Guy J, Cheval H, Selfridge J, Bird A. The Role of MeCP2 in the Brain. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011;27:631-652. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154121
  26. Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, Tran CQ, Francke U, Zoghbi HY. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat Genet 1999;23:185-188. https://doi.org/10.1038/13810
  27. Chen RZ, Akbarian S, Tudor M, Jaenisch R. Deficiency of methyl- CpG binding protein-2 in CNS neurons results in a Rett-like phenotype in mice. Nat Genet 2001;27:327-331. https://doi.org/10.1038/85906
  28. Chahrour M, Jung SY, Shaw C, Zhou X, Wong ST, Qin J, et al. Me- CP2, a key contributor to neurological disease, activates and represses transcription. Science 2008;320:1224-1229. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153252
  29. Uchida S, Hara K, Kobayashi A, Otsuki K, Yamagata H, Hobara T, et al. Epigenetic status of Gdnf in the ventral striatum determines susceptibility and adaptation to daily stressful events. Neuron 2011;69: 359-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.023
  30. Jenuwein T, Allis CD. Translating the histone code. Science 2001; 293:1074-1080. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063127
  31. Bird A. Molecular biology. Methylation talk between histones and DNA. Science 2001;294:2113-2115. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066726
  32. Kim H, Lim SW, Kim S, Kim JW, Chang YH, Carroll BJ, et al. Monoamine transporter gene polymorphisms and antidepressant response in koreans with late-life depression. JAMA 2006;296:1609-1618. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.13.1609
  33. Guttman M, Amit I, Garber M, French C, Lin MF, Feldser D, et al. Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature 2009;458:223-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07672
  34. Kanno T, Bucher E, Daxinger L, Huettel B, Bohmdorfer G, Gregor W, et al. A structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domaincontaining protein is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation. Nat Genet 2008;40:670-675. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.119
  35. Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, Garber M, Raj A, Rivea Morales D, et al. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:11667-11672. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904715106
  36. Weinberg MS, Villeneuve LM, Ehsani A, Amarzguioui M, Aagaard L, Chen ZX, et al. The antisense strand of small interfering RNAs directs histone methylation and transcriptional gene silencing in human cells. RNA 2006;12:256-262.
  37. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, Huang TC, Unterberger A, Suderman M, Ernst C, et al. Promoter-wide hypermethylation of the ribosomal RNA gene promoter in the suicide brain. PLoS One 2008;3:e2085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002085
  38. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonte B, Szyf M, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci 2009;12: 342-348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2270
  39. Poulter MO, Du L, Weaver IC, Palkovits M, Faludi G, Merali Z, et al. GABAA receptor promoter hypermethylation in suicide brain: implications for the involvement of epigenetic processes. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:645-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.028
  40. Ryu V, Yoo SB, Kang DW, Lee JH, Jahng JW. Post-weaning isolation promotes food intake and body weight gain in rats that experienced neonatal maternal separation. Brain Res 2009;1295:127-134.
  41. Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y, Micale V, Bockm?hl Y, Fischer D, et al. Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat Neurosci 2009;12:1559-1566. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2436
  42. Liu D, Diorio J, Tannenbaum B, Caldji C, Francis D, Freedman A, et al. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 1997;277: 1659-1662. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5332.1659
  43. Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004;7:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1276
  44. Roth TL, Lubin FD, Funk AJ, Sweatt JD. Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:760-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028
  45. Berton O, McClung CA, Dileone RJ, Krishnan V, Renthal W, Russo SJ, et al. Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress. Science 2006;311:864-868. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120972
  46. Wood SK, Walker HE, Valentino RJ, Bhatnagar S. Individual differences in reactivity to social stress predict susceptibility and resilience to a depressive phenotype: role of corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocrinology 2010;151:1795-1805. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1026
  47. Krishnan V, Han MH, Graham DL, Berton O, Renthal W, Russo SJ, et al. Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions. Cell 2007;131:391-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.018
  48. Renthal W, Maze I, Krishnan V, Covington HE 3rd, Xiao G, Kumar A, et al. Histone deacetylase 5 epigenetically controls behavioral adaptations to chronic emotional stimuli. Neuron 2007;56:517-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.032
  49. Tsankova NM, Berton O, Renthal W, Kumar A, Neve RL, Nestler EJ. Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nat Neurosci 2006;9:519- 525. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1659
  50. Covington HE 3rd, Maze I, LaPlant QC, Vialou VF, Ohnishi YN, Berton O, et al. Antidepressant actions of histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Neurosci 2009;29:11451-11460. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1758-09.2009
  51. Lee MG, Wynder C, Schmidt DM, McCafferty DG, Shiekhattar R. Histone H3 lysine 4 demethylation is a target of nonselective antidepressive medications. Chem Biol 2006;13:563-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.05.004
  52. Schroeder FA, Lin CL, Crusio WE, Akbarian S. Antidepressant-like effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate, in the mouse. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.036
  53. Sales AJ, Biojone C, Terceti MS, Guimarães FS, Gomes MV, Joca SR. Antidepressant-like effect induced by systemic and intra-hippocampal administration of DNA methylation inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2011;164:1711-1721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01489.x
  54. LaPlant Q, Vialou V, Covington HE 3rd, Dumitriu D, Feng J, Warren BL, et al. Dnmt3a regulates emotional behavior and spine plasticity in the nucleus accumbens. Nat Neurosci 2010;13:1137-1143. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2619