Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology

  • 제13권2호
  • /
  • Pages.80-86
  • /
  • 2011
  • /
  • 2508-691X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2508-6960(eISSN)
대한임상신경생리학회 (The Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology)
권호 표지

임피던스 변환 회로를 이용한 건식능동뇌파전극 개발

Development of an Active Dry EEG Electrode Using an Impedance-Converting Circuit

  • 고덕원 (고려대학교 의과대학 BK21 의과학사업단) ;
  • 이관택 (고려대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실) ;
  • 김성민 (고려대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실) ;
  • 이찬희 (고려대학교 의과대학 노인건강연구소) ;
  • 정영진 (연세대학교 보건과학대학 의공학과) ;
  • 임창환 (한양대학교 전기생체공학부) ;
  • 정기영 (고려대학교 의과대학 BK21 의과학사업단)
  • Ko, Deok-Won (BK21 Program for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University) ;
  • Lee, Gwan-Taek (Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Korea University) ;
  • Kim, Sung-Min (Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Korea University) ;
  • Lee, Chany (Research Institute for Senior Health, College of Medicine, Korea University) ;
  • Jung, Young-Jin (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University) ;
  • Im, Chang-Hwan (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University) ;
  • Jung, Ki-Young (BK21 Program for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University)
  • 투고 : 2011.04.19
  • 심사 : 2011.09.23
  • 발행 : 2011.12.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background: A dry-type electrode is an alternative to the conventional wet-type electrode, because it can be applied without any skin preparation, such as a conductive electrolyte. However, because a dry-type electrode without electrolyte has high electrode-to-skin impedance, an impedance-converting amplifier is typically used to minimize the distortion of the bioelectric signal. In this study, we developed an active dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrode using an impedance converter, and compared its performance with a conventional Ag/AgCl EEG electrode. Methods: We developed an active dry electrode with an impedance converter using a chopper-stabilized operational amplifier. Two electrodes, a conventional Ag/AgCl electrode and our active electrode, were used to acquire EEG signals simultaneously, and the performance was tested in terms of (1) the electrode impedance, (2) raw data quality, and (3) the robustness of any artifacts. Results: The contact impedance of the developed electrode was lower than that of the Ag/AgCl electrode ($0.3{\pm}0.1$ vs. $2.7{\pm}0.7\;k{\Omega}$, respectively). The EEG signal and power spectrum were similar for both electrodes. Additionally, our electrode had a lower 60-Hz component than the Ag/AgCl electrode (16.64 vs. 24.33 dB, respectively). The change in potential of the developed electrode with a physical stimulus was lower than for the Ag/AgCl electrode ($58.7{\pm}30.6$ vs. $81.0{\pm}19.1\;{\mu}V$, respectively), and the difference was close to statistical significance (P=0.07). Conclusions: Our electrode can be used to replace Ag/AgCl electrodes, when EEG recording is emergently required, such as in emergency rooms or in intensive care units.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Kwon OY. Artifact in Electroencephalography. Korean J Clin Neurophysiol 2003;5:157-169.
  2. Niedermeyer E, Lopes da Silva FH. Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1999;110-121.
  3. Huigen E, Peper A, Grimbergen C. Investigation into the origin of the noise of surface electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2002;40:332-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344216
  4. Carter SJ, Linker CJ, Turkle-Huslig T, Howard LL. Comparison of impedance at the microelectrode-saline and microelectrodeculture medium interface. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1992;39:1123-1129. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.168691
  5. Rosell J, Colominas J, Riu P, Pallas-Areny R, Webster JG. Skin impedance from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988;35:649-651. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.4599
  6. Padmadinata FZ, Veerhoek JJ, Vandijk GJA, Huijsing JH. Microelectronic skin electrode. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 1990;1:491-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(90)80257-Z
  7. Webster JG, Clark JW. Medical instrumentation: application and design. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1992;248-290.
  8. Handbook of chemistry and physics. Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press, 1974-1975.
  9. Ferree TC, Luu P, Russell GS, Tucker DM. Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112:536-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00533-2
  10. Nishimura S, Tomita Y, Horiuchi T. Clinical-application of an active electrode using an operational-amplifier. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1992;39:1096-1099. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.161342
  11. Searle A, Kirkup L. A direct comparison of wet, dry and insulating bioelectric recording electrodes. Physiol Meas 2000;21:271-283. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/21/2/307
  12. Bergey GE, Squires RD, Sipple WC. Electrocardiogram recording with pasteless electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1971;BME-18:206-211. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1971.4502833
  13. Mclaughlin JA, Mcadams ET, Anderson JM. Novel dry electrode ECG sensor system. Proceedings of the 16th annual international conference: IEEE EMBS 1994;804-804.
  14. Geddes LA, Steinberg R, Wise G. Dry electrodes and holder for electro-oculography. Med Biol Eng 1973;11:69-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02477298
  15. Fujisawa M, Uchida K, Yamada Y, Ishibashi K. Surface electromyographic electrode pair with built-in buffer-amplifiers. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63:350-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(90)90210-4
  16. Degen T, Jackel H. Enhancing interference rejection of preamplified electrodes by automated gain adaption. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004;51:2031-2039. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2004.834296
  17. Valverde E, Arini P, Bertran G, Biagetti M, Quinteiro R. Effect of electrode impedance in improved buffer amplifier for bioelectric recordings. J Med Eng Technol 2004;28:217-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/03091900410001662323
  18. Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL. A dry electrode for EEG recording. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;90:376-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(94)90053-1
  19. TLC2652, TLC2652A, TLC2652Y Advanced LinCMOS PRECISION CHOPPER-STABILIZED OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS. Texas Instruments, 2001.
  20. Hsieh KC, Gray PR, Senderowicz D, Messerschmitt DG. A low-noise chopper-stabilized differential switched-capacitor filtering technique. IEEE J Solid-St Circ 1981;16:708-715. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.1981.1051666
  21. Hanasusanto GA, Yuanjin Z. A chopper stabilized preamplifier for biomedical signal acquisition. International symposium on integrated circuits: IEEE 2007;200-203.
  22. Miller HA, Harrison DC. Biomedical electrode technology: theory and practice. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
  23. Ko D, Lee GT, Lee EJ, Lee SH, Kim BJ. Development of PDMS and silver ball based dry-type flexible EEG electrode for long-term EEG recording. 13th Conference of the Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. Korean J Clin Neurophysiol 2010;12:114-114.
  24. Ruffini G, Dunne S, Farres E, Cester I, Watts PCP, Silva SRP, et al. ENOBIO dry electrophysiology electrode; first human trial plus wireless electrode system. 2007 Annual International Conference: IEEE EMBS 2007;6690-6694.
  25. Casson A, Yates D, Smith S, Duncan J, Rodriguez-Villegas E. Wearable electroencephalography. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag, IEEE EMBS 2010;29:44-56.
  26. Shin JH, Seo EM, The trends of BCI based Entertainic, Technology, The Magazine of the IEEK, IEEK 2007;34:71-82.