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Quality Characteristics of Kiwi Wine and Optimum Malolactic Fermentation Conditions

참다래 와인의 최적 malolactic fermentation 조건과 품질 특성

  • Kang, Sang-Dong (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Ko, Yu-Jin (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Jung (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Son, Yong-Hwi (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim, Jin-Yong (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Seol, Hui-Gyeong (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim, Ig-Jo (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Cho, Hyoun-Kook (Farming Corporation Orumjooga Winery) ;
  • Ryu, Chung-Ho (Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 강상동 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 고유진 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 김은정 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 손용휘 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 김진용 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 설희경 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 김익조 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 조현국 (영농조합법인 오름주가) ;
  • 류충호 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부(BK 21 프로그램), 농업생명과학연구원)
  • Received : 2010.11.19
  • Accepted : 2011.01.13
  • Published : 2011.04.30

Abstract

Maloactic fermentation (MLF) occurs after completion of alcoholic fermentation and is mediated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly Oenococcus oeni. Kiwi wine more than commercial grape wine has the problem of high acidity. Therefore, we investigated the optimal MLF conditions for regulating strong acidity and improving the quality properties of wine fermented with Kiwi fruit cultivated in Korea. For alcohol fermentation, industrial wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12650 strains and LAB, known as MLF strains, were used to alleviate wine acidity. First, the various experimental conditions of Kiwi fruit, initial pH (2.5, 3.5, 4.5), fermenting temperature (20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$), and sugar contents (24 $^{\circ}Brix$), were adjusted, and after the fermentation period, we measured the acidity, pH, and the change in organic acid content by the AOAC method and HPLC analysis. The alcohol content of fermented Kiwi wine was 12.75%. Further, total acidity and pH of Kiwi wine were 0.78% and 3.5, respectively. Total sugar and total polyphenol contents of Kiwi wine were 38.72 mg/ml and 60.18 mg/ml, respectively. With regard to organic acid content, the control contained 0.63 mg/ml of oxalic acid, 2.99 mg/ml of malic acid, and 0.71 mg/ml of lactic acid, whereas MLF wine contained 0.69 mg/ml of oxalic acid, 0.06 mg/ml of malic acid, and 3.12 mg/ml of lactic acid. Kiwi wine had lower malic acid values and total acidity than control after MLF processing. In MLF, the optimum initial pH value and fermentation temperature were 3.5 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, these studies suggest that establishment of optimal MLF conditions could improve the properties of Kiwi wine manufactured in Korea.

본 연구에서는 참다래를 이용하여 국내산 과실 특유의 강한 산미를 감소시켜 고품질 참다래 와인을 제조하기 위하여 MLF 에 의한 산도 및 malic acid 감소 효과를 연구하였다. MLF가 진행됨에 따라 모든 실험구에서 당도가 점차 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효한 참다래 와인의 당도가 5.90 $^{\circ}Brix$로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 총산함량은 발효 전 0.96%에서 발효 20일 후 0.75~0.79%로 모든 실험구에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 총산 함량이 감소하였으나 발효 온도에 따른 유의적 차이는 없었다. 참다래 와인의 malic acid 함량은 MLF가 진행됨에 따라 감소하였으며 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킬 경우 0.05 mg/ml로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 참다래 와인의 초기 pH에 따른 malic acid 함량 변화를 확인한 결과 pH 2.5 실험구에서는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으며, pH 4.5에서는 발효 완료 시 0.55 mg/ml로 검출되어 약 85% 감소하였다. 또한 초기 pH 3.5로 조절한 실험구는 발효기간이 경과함에 따라 malic acid함량이 급격히 감소하여 발효 완료시 매우 낮게 나타났다. MLF에 의한 malic acid와 lactic acid 함량을 조사한 결과 O. oeni를 첨가하여 MLF를 실시한 실험구의 malic acid는 급격히 감소하여 14일 후에 0.08 mg/ml로 나타났으며 lactic acid의 함량은 점점 증가하여 발효 16일에 3.15 mg/ml로 나타났다. 초기 pH를 3.5로 조절하고 $25^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 발효시킨 참다래 와인의 품질특성을 조사한 결과 총산 함량은 0.78%로 대조구의 0.96%보다 다소 낮게 나타났으며 pH는 3.70로 MLF를 실시하지 않은 대조구의 3.45 보다 높게 나타났다. 또한 알코올 함량은 12.75%, 총당 38.72 mg/ml, 총폴리페놀 60.18 mg/ml로 대부분 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. Oxalic acid는 0.69 mg/ml로 대조구와 유사하게 나타났으며 강한 신맛을 내는 malic acid는 대조구에 비해 크게 감소하여 0.06 mg/ml로 나타났다. 반면 lactic acid는 대조구보다 4.5배 많은 3.12 mg/ml로 나타났고 citric acid는 대조구와 유사한 0.26 mg/ml로 나타났다. 관능평가 결과 MLF를 실시한 와인이 대조구 와인에 비해 떫은맛을 제외한 모든 부분에서 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 신맛과 전체적 기호도에서 $3.8{\pm}0.5$$3.9{\pm}04$로 대조구의 $3.5{\pm}0.6$$3.5{\pm}0.5$보다 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 고품질의 참다래 와인을 제조하기 위한 MLF의 최적 조건은 초기pH 3.5로 조절한 후 MLF 균주인 O. oeni ($1{\times}10^6$ CFU/ml)를 첨가하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효시키는 것이 가장 적합할 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

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