References
- Fournier AR, Gosselin A, Proctor JT, Gauthier L, Khanizadeh S, Dorais M. Relationship between understory light and growth of forest-grown American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). J Am Soc Hort Sci 2004;129:425-432.
- Proctor JT, Bailey WG. Ginseng: industry, botany, and culture. Hort Rev 1987;9:187-236.
- Stathers RJ, Bailey WG. Energy receipt and partitioning in a ginseng shade canopy and mulch environment. Agric For Meteorol 1986;37:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(86)90024-9
- Proctor JT, Dorais M, Bleiholder H, Willis A, Hack H, Meier V. Phenological growth stages of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Ann Appl Biol 2003;143:311-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00299.x
- Proctor JT. Source-sink relations in North American ginseng seedlings as influenced by leaflet removal. J Ginseng Res 2008;32:337-340. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2008.32.4.337
- Lee SS, Proctor JT, Choi KT. Influence of monochromatic light on photosynthesis and leaf bleaching in Panax species. J Ginseng Res 1999;23:1-7.
- Parmenter GA, Littlejohn RP. The effect of irradiance during leaf development on photoinhibition in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 1998;22:102-113.
- Lambers H, Poorter H. Inherent variation in growth rate between higher plants: a search for physiological causes and ecological consequences. In: Begon M, Fitter A. Advances in ecological research. Vol. 23. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992. p.187-261.
- Proctor JT, Palmer JW, Follett JM. Growth, dry matter partitioning and photosynthesis in North American ginseng seedlings. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:175-182. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.175
- Fournier AR, Proctor JT, Khanizadeh S, Gosselin A, Dorais M. Acclimation of maximum quantum yield of PSII and photosynthetic pigments of Panax quinquefolius L. to understory light. J Ginseng Res 2008;32:347-356. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2008.32.4.347
- Niinemets U. Components of leaf dry mass per area: thickness and density. Alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in reverse directions in woody plants. New Phytol 1999;144:35-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00466.x
- Hughes BR, Proctor JT. Estimation of leaflet, leaf, and total leaf area of Panax quinquefolius L. using linear measurements. J Am Soc Hort Sci 1981;106:167-170.
- Proctor JT, Percival D, Louttit D. Inflorescence removal affects root yield of American ginseng. HortScience 1999;34:82-84.
- Awang DV, Li MZ. The pharmacologically active constituents of white and red ginseng root. HerbalGram 2008;80:38-49.
- Jackson CJ, Dini JP, Lavandier C, Faulkner HP, Rupasinghe HP, Proctor JT. Ginsenoside content of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae) in relation to plant development and growing locations. J Ginseng Res 2003;27:135-140. https://doi.org/10.5142/JGR.2003.27.3.135
- Li TS, Mazza G. Correlations between leaf and soil mineral concentrations and ginsenoside contents in American ginseng. HortScience 1999;34:85-87.
- Konsler TR, Zito SW, Shelton JE, Staba EJ. Lime and phosphorus effects on American ginseng: II. Root and leaf ginsenoside content and their relationship. J Am Soc Hort Sci 1990;115:575-580.
- Reynolds LB. Effects of drying on chemical and physical characteristics of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1998;6:9-21.
- Fournier AR, Proctor JT, Gauthier L, Khanizadeh S, Belanger A, Gosselin A, Dorais M. Understory light and root ginsenosides in forest-grown Panax quinquefolius. Phytochemistry 2003;63:777-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00346-7
- Proctor JT. Ginseng: old crop, new directions. In: Janick J, ed. Proceedings of the third national symposium: new crops, new opportunities, new technologies. Alexandria (VA): American Society for Horticultural Science Press, 1996. p.565-577.
- Wintermans JF, de Mots A. Spectrophotometric characteristics of chlorophylls a and b and their pheophytins in ethanol. Biochim Biophys Acta 1965;109:448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6585(65)90170-6
- Raskin I. A method for measuring leaf volume, density, thickness, and internal gas volume. HortScience 1983;18:698-699.
- Fiebig AE, Proctor JT, Murr DP, Reeleder RD. Flower abscission and induction in North American ginseng with Ethephon. HortScience 2005;40:138-141.
- Court WA, Hendel JG, Elmi J. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography determination of ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium. J Chromatogr A 1996;755:11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00580-8
- Araus JL, Alegre L, Tapia L, Calafell R, Serret MD. Relationships between photosynthetic capacity and leaf structure in several shade plants. Am J Bot 1986;73:1760-1770. https://doi.org/10.2307/2444243
- Hampson CR, Azarenko AN, Potter JR. Photosynthetic rate, flowering, and yield component alteration in hazelnut in response to different light environments. J Am Soc Hort Sci 1996;121:1103-1111.
- Schechter I, Proctor JT, Elfving DC. Morphological differences among apple leaf types. HortScience 1992;27: 101-103.
- Boardman NK. Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 1977;28:355-377. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.28.060177.002035
- Yin ZH, Johnson GN. Photosynthetic acclimation of higher plants to growth in fluctuating light environments. Photosynth Res 2000;63:97-107. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006303611365
- Pyankov VI, Kondratchuk AV, Shipley B. Leaf structure and specific leaf mass: the alpine desert plants of the Eastern Pamirs, Tadjikistan. New Phytol 1999;143:131-142. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00435.x
- Garnier E, Laurent G. Leaf anatomy, specific mass and water content in congeneric annual and perennial grass species. New Phytol 1994;128:725-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04036.x
- Vallardes F, Niinemets U. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2008;39:237-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173506
- Baltzer JL, Thomas SC. Determinants of whole-plant light requirements in Bornean rain forest tree saplings. J Ecol 2007;95:1208-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01286.x
- Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW III. Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1992;43:599-626. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.43.060192.003123
- Miskell JA, Parmenter G, Eaton-Rye JJ. Decreased Hill reaction rates and slow turnover of transitory starch in the obligate shade plant Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng). Planta 2002;215:969-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-002-0839-9
- Smith RG, Caswell D, Carriere A, Zielke B. Variation in the ginsenoside content of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., roots. Can J Bot 1996;74:1616-1620. https://doi.org/10.1139/b96-195
- Starratt AN, Hendel JG, Reeleder RD. Leaves of North American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L.: a renewable source of certain ginsenosides. Can J Plant Sci 2001;81: 65-67. https://doi.org/10.4141/P00-045
-
Evans JR. Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of
$C_3$ plants. Oecologia 1989;78:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377192 - Hallik L, Niinemets U, Wright IJ. Are species shade and drought tolerance reflected in leaf-level structural and functional differentiation in Northern Hemisphere temperate woody flora? New Phytol 2009;184:257-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02918.x
- Nobel PS. Physicochemical and environmental plant physiology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.
- Gratani L, Varone L, Bonito A. Environmental induced variations in leaf dark respiration and net photosynthesis of Quercus ilex L. Photosynthetica 2007;45:633-636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-007-0109-y
- Korner C, Scheel JA, Bauer H. Maximum leaf diffusive conductance in vascular plants. Photosynthetica 1979;13:45-82.
Cited by
- Phosphorus fertilization and inflorescence removal in American ginseng culture vol.74, pp.None, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.047