References
- Adams, T. T., M. A. Eiteman and B. M. Hanel. 2002. Solid state fermentation of broiler litter for production of biocontrol agents. Bioresour. Technol. 82:33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00153-5
- AOAC International. 1995. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 16th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD. as probiotics. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:813-835.
- Awad, W. A., K. Ghareeb and J. Böhm. 2010. Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets on intestinal mucosal architecture and electrophysiological parameters. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 94:486-494.
- Awad, W. A., K. Ghareeb, S. Abdel-Raheem and J. Bohm. 2009. Effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic and symbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 88:49-55. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00244
- Barton, M. D. 2000. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutr. Res. Rev. 13:279-299. https://doi.org/10.1079/095442200108729106
- Cavazzoni, V., A. Adami and C. Cstrivilli. 1998. Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. Br. Poult. Sci. 39:526-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669888719
- Chen, K.-L., W.-L. Kho, S.-H. You, R.-H. Yeh, S.-W. Tang and C.- W. Hsieh. 2009. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermented feed on the enhanced growth performance of broilers. Poult. Sci. 88:309- 315. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00224
- Choi, J. Y., P. L. Shinde, I. K. Kwon, Y. H. Song and B. J. Chae. 2009. Effect of wood vinegar on the performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora in weanling pigs. Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 22:267-274. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80355
- Contreras Esquivel, J. C., R. A. Hours, C. E. Voget and C. F. Mignone. 1999. Aspergillus kawachii produces an acidic pectin releasing enzyme activity. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 88:48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(99)80174-1
- Denev, S. A. 2006. Effect of different growth promoters on the cecal microflora and performance of broiler chickens. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 12:461-474.
- El-bendary, M. A. 2006. Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus biopesticides production. J. Basic Microbiol. 46:158-170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200510585
- Fan, Y., J. Croom, V. Christensen, B. Black, A. Bird, L. Daniel, B. McBride and E. Eisen. 1997. Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth. Poult. Sci. 76:1738-1745. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.12.1738
- Farnell, M. B., A. M. Donoghue, F. S. De Los Santos, P. J. Blore, B. M. Hargis, G. Tellez and D. J. Donoghue. 2006. Upregulation of oxidative burst and degranulation in chicken heterophils stimulated with probiotic bacteria. Poult. Sci. 85:1900-1906. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.11.1900
- Fenton, T. W. and M. Fenton. 1979. An improved method for chromic oxide determination in feed and feces. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59:631-634. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas79-081
- Fritts, C. A., J. H. Kersey, M. A. Moti, E. C. Kroger, F. Yan, J. Si, Q. Jiang, M. M. Campos, A. L. Waldroup and P. W. Waldroup. 2000. Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (Calsporin) improves live performance and microbiological status of broiler chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 9:149-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/9.2.149
- Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:365-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x
- Higgins, S. E., J. P. Higgins, A. D. Wolfenden, S. N. Henderson, A. Torres-Rodriguez, G. Tellez and B. Hargis. 2008. Evaluation of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture for the reduction of Salmonella enteritidis in neonatal broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 87:27-31. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00210
- Hong, H. A., H. Duc le and S. M. Cutting. 2005. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:813-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001
- Jin, L. Z., H.W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin. 1997. Probiotics in poultry: Modes of action. World Poult. Sci. J. 53:352-368.
- Jin, L. Z., H. W. Ho, N. Abdullah and S. Jalaludin. 2000. Digestive and bacteria enzyme activities in broilers fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus cultures. Poult. Sci. 79:886- 891. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.6.886
- Kabir, S. M. L., M. M. Rahman, M. B. Rahman and S. U. Ahmed. 2004. The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 3:361-364. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.361.364
- Khakesfidi, A. and T. Ghoorchi. 2006. Effect of probiotic on performance and immunocompetence of broiler chicken. J. Poult. Sci. 43:296-300. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.43.296
- Li, L. L., Z. P. Hou, T. J. Li, G. Y. Wu, R. L. Huang, Z. R. Tang, C. B. Yang, J. Gong, H. Yu and X. F. Kong. 2008. Effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on ileal digestibility of nutrients and growth performance in 1- to 42-day-old broilers. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88:35-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2910
- Line, E. J., S. J. Bailey, N. A. Cox, N. J. Stern and T. Tompkins. 1998. Effect of yeast-supplemented feed on Salmonella and Campylobacter populations in broilers. Poult. Sci.77:405-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.3.405
- Marin, F. R., C. Soler-Rivas, O. Benavente-Garcia, J. Castillo and J. A. Perez-Alvarez. 2007. By-products from different citrus processes as a source of customized functional fibers. Food Chem. 100:736-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.040
- Matsumoto, T., Y. Sugiura, A. Kondo and H. Fukuda. 2000. Efficient production of protopectinases by Bacillus subtilis using medium based on soybean flour. Biochem. Eng. J. 6:81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-703X(00)00079-6
- Miles, R. D., G. D. Butcher, P. R. Henry and R. C. Littell. 2006. Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poult. Sci. 85:476-485. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.3.476
- Mountzouris, K. C., P. Tsistsikos, E. Kalamara, S. Nitsh, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros. 2007. Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating caecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poult. Sci. 86:309-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.2.309
- Mountzouris, K. C., P. Tsirtsikos, I. Palamidi, A. Arvaniti, M. Mohnl, G. Schatzmayr and K. Fegeros. 2010. Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and caecal microflora composition. Poult. Sci. 89:58-67. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00308
- National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient requirement of poultry. 9th Edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
- Ohh, S. H., P. L. Shinde, Z. Jin, J. Y. Choi, T.-W. Hahn, H. T. Lim, G. Y. Kim, Y. Park, K.-S. Hahm and B. J. Chae. 2009. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Gogu valley) protein as an antimicrobial agent in the diets of broilers. Poult. Sci. 88:1227- 1234. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00491
- Opanlinski, M., A. Maiorka, F. Dahlke, F. Cunha, F. S. C. Vargas and E. Cardozo. 2007. On the use of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis- strain DSM 17299) as growth promoter in broiler diets. Braz. J. Poult. Sci. 9:99-103. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2007.9.2.99
- Pascual, M., M. Hugas, J. I. Badiola, J. M. Monfort and M. Garriga. 1999. Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteriditis colonization in chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4981-4986.
- Patterson, J. A. and K. M. Burkholder. 2003. Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poult. Sci. 82: 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.4.627
- Samanya, M. and K. Yamauchi. 2002. Histological alterations of intestinal villi in chickens fed dried Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 133:95-104.
- Sanders, M. E. and J. H. Veld. 1999. Bringing a probiotic containing functional food to the market: microbiological, product, regulatory and labeling issues. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76:93-315.
- SAS. 1996. SAS/STAT. User's Guide: Statistics (Release 6.12 Ed.). SAS Inst. Inc., Cary. NC.
- Shim, Y. H., P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, D. K. Seo, J. I. Pak, B. J. Chae and I. K. Kwon. 2010. Evaluation of multimicrobial probiotics produced by submerged liquid and solid substrate fermentation methods in broilers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23:521-529. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90446
- Teo, A. Y. and H. M. Tan. 2007. Evaluation of the performance and intestinal gut microflora of broilers fed on corn-soy diets supplemented with Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CloSTAT). J. Appl. Poult. Res. 16:296-303. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.3.296
- Timmermana, H. M., C. J. M. Koningb, L. Mulderc, F. M. Romboutsd and A. C. Beynen. 2004. Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics: A comparison of functionality and efficacy. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 96:219-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012
- Tortuero, F. and E. Fernandez. 1995. Effects of inclusion of microbial cultures in barley based diets fed to laying hens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 53:255-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)00747-W
- Vicente, J. L., A. Torres-Rodriguez, S. E. Higgins, C. Pixley, G. Tellez, A. M. Donoghue and B. M. Hargis. 2008. Effect of a selected Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis-infected broiler chicks. Avian Dis. 52:143-146. https://doi.org/10.1637/7847-011107-ResNote
- Wellenreiter, R. H., D. H. Mowrey, L. A. Stobbs and A. D'assonville. 2000. Effects of avilamycin on performance of broiler chickens. Vet. Therapeut. 1(2):118-124.
- Wilkins, M. R., W. W. Widmer, K. Grohmann and R. G. Cameron. 2007. Hydrolysis of grapefruit peel waste with cellulase and pectinase enzymes. Bioresour. Technol. 98:1596-1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.06.022
- Xu, Z. R., C. H. Hu, M. S. Xia, X. A. Zhan and M. Q. Wang. 2003. Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poult. Sci. 82:1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.6.1030
Cited by
- Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented cottonseed meal on growth, cecal microbial population, small intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of broilers vol.45, pp.4, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0322-y
- Effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> KN-42 on Growth Performance, Diarrhea and Faecal Bacterial Flora of Weaned Piglets vol.27, pp.8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13737
- by-products fermented with multistrain probiotics on growth performance, immunity, caecal microbiology and meat oxidative stability in broilers vol.55, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.938021
- Caecal microbiota of chickens fed diets containing propolis vol.101, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12570
- supplementation on the growth performance, blood profile, nutrient retention, and caecal microflora in broiler chickens vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1411267
- Gut barrier function: Effects of (antibiotic) growth promoters on key barrier components and associations with growth performance vol.97, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey021
- Effects of citrus pulp, fish by-product and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs vol.56, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1186/2055-0391-56-10
- Effects of fermentedcorni fructusand fermented kelp on growth performance, meat quality, and emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide from broiler chicken droppings vol.55, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.960804
- Performance, Caecum Bacterial Count and Ileum Histology of Broilers Fed Different Direct-Fed Microbials vol.8, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2014.106.114