Study of the Chemical Composition of Korean Traditional Ceramics (II): Chos$\breve{o}$n Whiteware

한국 전통 도자기의 화학 조성에 대한 연구 (II): 조선백자

  • KohChoo, Carolyn Kyong-Shin (Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Choo, Woong-Kil (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Ahn, Sang-Doo (Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Lee, Young-Eun (Collection Department, Gyeonggi Provincial Museum) ;
  • Kim, Gyu-Ho (Department of Conservation Science for Cultural Heritage, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Lee, Yeon-Sook (Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University)
  • Received : 2010.11.12
  • Accepted : 2011.02.14
  • Published : 2011.03.20

Abstract

The material characteristics of Chos$\breve{o}$n whiteware were investigated by analyzing and comparing the body and glaze compositions of whiteware shards excavated at the Kwangju royal kilns, Ch'unghyodong, and four other local-level kilns. In Korea, the rise of whiteware technology began in the early years of the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty, when the indigenous tradition of Kory$\breve{o}$ celadon was strongly influenced by the whiteware aesthetics of the Chinese Ming dynasty. The Kwangju royal kilns eventually made hard-textured whiteware of a quality equivalent to that of the Chinese by using type of porcelain stone that contained slightly less $Fe_2O_3$ and $TiO_2$ and slightly more $K_2O$ than that used for celadon. In contrast, the potters of Ch'unghyodong achieved the same level of quality by finding and using a totally different material: kaolinitic clay. The porcelain stone used at the Kwangju kiln was commonly found in Korea and south China, whereas kaolinitic clay (which has a high aluminum content) was typically found in north China, and was only rarely used in Korea. The flux component of the glaze compositions was mostly limestone, first in burnt form and later in crushed form, and the clay component was often glaze stone, which was a finer-grained porcelain stone with a higher proportion of feldspar. In the future, this comparative analytical study of Korean whiteware components should be extended to the $18^{th}$- and $19^{th}$-century kilns that are currently being excavated at a rapid pace.

조선백자에 사용된 재료들에 대한 특성을 연구하기 위하여, 광주관요, 충효동과 다른 4곳의 지방가마에서 출토된 도편들의 태토와 유약의 성분을 분석하고 비교하였다. 조선초기의 백자기술은 고려의 청자기술을 기본적으로 계승하면서, 중국 명대의 백자기술의 영향을 많이 받았다. 광주관요에서 사용한 태토원료는 청자에 사용되었던 도석과 같은데, 다만 철산화물과 티타늄산화물의 함량이 상대적으로 적고, 칼륨산화물의 함량이 높다. 한국과 중국 남부에 풍부하게 존재하는 이러한 원료로 중국의 경질백자와 같은 좋은 질의 백자를 개발할 수 있었다. 반면, 충효동에서는 중국 북부의 요지들에서 사용되었던 고령토를 발견하고 사용함으로써 질이 좋은 경질백자를 개발하였다. 유약에 사용된 용융재는 대체로 석회석이며, 처음에는 태워서 사용하였으나, 점점 빻아서 사용되는 경향이 증가하였다. 유약을 만들 때 용융재와 혼합하는 점토는 글래이즈 스톤이라고 불리는 기본적으로 도석과 같은 광물이다. 태토를 만들 때 사용하는 도석보다, 일반적으로 입자가 더 곱고, 장석함량이 더 높다. 이 논문의 조선백자에 대한 과학기술적인 연구와 비교는 최근에 빠른 속도로 발굴되고 있는 18~19세기의 가마터에도 넓혀져야 할 것이다.

Keywords

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