Journal of Embryo Transfer (한국수정란이식학회지)

The Korean Society of Embryo Transfer (한국수정란이식학회)
권호 표지

Distribution and Potential Toxicological Effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) as a Endocrine Disrupting Chemical in Human and Animals

  • Jung, Eui-Man (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Yang, Hyun (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • An, Beum-Soo (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Geun-Shik (College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Hyun, Sang-Hwan (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Choi, Kyung-Chul (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Jeung, Eui-Bae (College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
  • Received : 2011.11.07
  • Accepted : 2011.11.15
  • Published : 2011.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of "brominated" (bromine containing) man-made chemicals used as flame retardant additives in plastics, foams, and textiles. PBDEs are found in various environmental contaminants in air, soil, sediment, and water, and 209 individual forms (congeners) of PBDE exist. Among these, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is the dominant congener found in the environment. Exposure to BDE-47 is now worldwide, and levels of BDE-47 have been detected in the blood of animals, including humans. BDE-47 can adversely affect the developmental system in both humans and animals. BDEs have structural similarities to polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormones. However, recent studies have shown that BDEs may act as hormonal disrupting chemicals with detrimental effects. Therefore, a reliable assessment of BDE-47 toxicological action is required to understand the detrimental impacts of BDE-47 on human health. In this review, we overview recent studies on the distribution and potential toxicological effects of BDE-47 in humans and animals.

Keywords

References

  1. Akutsu K, Kitagawa M, Nakazawa H, Makino T, Iwazaki K, Oda H and Hori S. 2003. Time-trend (1973-2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother's milk. Chemosphere 53:645-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1
  2. Alaee M and Wenning RJ. 2002. The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: Current understanding, issues and challenges. Chemosphere 46:579-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00224-7
  3. Alaee M, Arias P, Sjodin A and Bergman A. 2003. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environ. Int. 29:683-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1
  4. An BS, Choi KC, Hong EJ, Jung YW, Manabe N and Jeung EB. 2004. Differential transcriptional and translational regulations of calbindin-D9k by steroid hormones and their receptors in the uterus of immature mice. J. Reprod. Dev 50:445-453. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.50.445
  5. Betts KS. 2002. Rapidly rising PBDE levels in North America. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:50A-52A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es022197w
  6. Bi X, Qu W, Sheng G, Zhang W, Mai B, Chen D, Yu L and Fu J. 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk. Environ. Pollut. 144:1024-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.056
  7. Bi X, Thomas GO, Jones KC, Qu W, Sheng G, Martin FL and Fu J. 2007. Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in South China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:5647-5653. https://doi.org/10.1021/es070346a
  8. Birnbaum LS and Staskal DF. 2004. Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environ. Health Perspect. 112:9-17. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1121c9
  9. Birnbaum LS and Cohen Hubal EA. 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a case study for using biomonitoring data to address risk assessment questions. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1770-1775.
  10. Bradman A, Fenster L, Sjodin A, Jones RS, Patterson DG, Jr. and Eskenazi B. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in the blood of pregnant women living in an agricultural community in California. Environ. Health Perspect. 115:71-74. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.115-a71
  11. Chao HR, Wang SL, Lee WJ, Wang YF and Papke O. 2007. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. Environ. Int. 33:239-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013
  12. Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2008. Molecular mechanism of regulation of the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D9k, and its physiological role(s) in mammals: A review of current research. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12:409-420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00209.x
  13. Dang VH, Choi KC, Hyun SH and Jeung EB. 2007. Induction of uterine calbindin-D9k through an estrogen receptor-dependent pathway following single injection with xenobiotic agents in immature rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70:171-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390600755257
  14. Dang VH, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2007. Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47) evokes estrogenicity and calbindin-D9k expression through an estrogen receptor-mediated pathway in the uterus of immature rats. Toxicol. Sci. 97:504-511. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm051
  15. Dang VH, Nguyen TH, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2007. A calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D9k, is regulated through an estrogen-receptor mediated mechanism following xenoestrogen exposure in the GH3 cell line. Toxicol. Sci. 98:408-415. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm120
  16. Darnerud PO, Eriksen GS, Johannesson T, Larsen PB and Viluksela M. 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 Suppl 1:49-68. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s149
  17. Darnerud PO. 2003. Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. Environ. Int. 29:841-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00107-7
  18. Eriksson P, Jakobsson E and Fredriksson A. 2001. Brominated flame retardants: A novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? Environ. Health Perspect. 109:903-908. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109903
  19. Eslami B, Koizumi A, Ohta S, Inoue K, Aozasa O, Harada K, Yoshinaga T, Date C, Fujii S, Fujimine Y, Hachiya N, Hirosawa I, Koda S, Kusaka Y, Murata K, Nakatsuka H, Omae K, Saito N, Shimbo S, Takenaka K, Takeshita T, Todoriki H, Wada Y, Watanabe T and Ikeda M. 2006. Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan. Chemosphere 63:554-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067
  20. Fernandez MF, Araque P, Kiviranta H, Molina-Molina JM, Rantakokko P, Laine O, Vartiainen T and Olea N. 2007. PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain. Chemosphere 66:377-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.065
  21. Fischer D, Hooper K, Athanasiadou M, Athanassiadis I and Bergman A. 2006. Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1581-1584. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8554
  22. Fowles JR, Fairbrother A, Baecher-Steppan L and Kerkvliet NI. 1994. Immunologic and endocrine effects of the flame-retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether (DE-71) in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicology 86:49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(94)90052-3
  23. Gray LE, Jr., Kelce WR, Wiese T, Tyl R, Gaido K, Cook J, Klinefelter G, Desaulniers D, Wilson E, Zacharewski T, Waller C, Foster P, Laskey J, Reel J, Giesy J, Laws S, McLachlan J, Breslin W, Cooper R, Di Giulio R, Johnson R, Purdy R, Mihaich E, Safe S, Colborn T and et al. 1997. Endocrine screening methods workshop report: Detection of estrogenic and androgenic hormonal and antihormonal activity for chemicals that act via receptor or steroidogenic enzyme mechanisms. Reprod. Toxicol. 11:719-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(97)00025-7
  24. Guvenius DM, Aronsson A, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Bergman A and Noren K. 2003. Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1235-1241. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5946
  25. Hallgren S, Sinjari T, Hakansson H and Darnerud PO. 2001. Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroid hormone and vitamin A levels in rats and mice. Arch. Toxicol. 75:200-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002040000208
  26. Hallgren S and Darnerud PO. 2002. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in rats-testing interactions and mechanisms for thyroid hormone effects. Toxicology 177:227-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00222-6
  27. He P, He W, Wang A, Xia T, Xu B, Zhang M and Chen X. 2008. PBDE-47-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurotoxicology 29:124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.10.002
  28. He W, He P, Wang A, Xia T, Xu B and Chen X. 2008. Effects of PBDE-47 on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Mutat. Res. 649:62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.08.001
  29. Hites RA. 2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:945-956. https://doi.org/10.1021/es035082g
  30. Hong EJ, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2003. Maternal-fetal transfer of endocrine disruptors in the induction of Calbindin-D9k mRNA and protein during pregnancy in rat model. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 212:63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2003.08.011
  31. Hong EJ, Choi KC, Jung YW, Leung PC and Jeung EB. 2004. Transfer of maternally injected endocrine disruptors through breast milk during lactation induces neonatal Calbindin-D9k in the rat model. Reprod. Toxicol. 18:661-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.03.005
  32. Hong EJ, Ji YK, Choi KC, Manabe N and Jeung EB. 2005. Conflict of estrogenic activity by various phthalates between in vitro and in vivo models related to the expression of Calbindin-D9k. J. Reprod. Dev. 51:253-263. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.16075
  33. Jaraczewska K, Lulek J, Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Kaluba-Skotarczak A, Drews K and Schepens P. 2006. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland. Sci. Total Environ. 372:20-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.030
  34. Johnson-Restrepo B, Kannan K, Addink R and Adams DH. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine foodweb of coastal Florida. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:8243-8250. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051551y
  35. Kumar A, Baroth A, Soni I, Bhatnagar P and John PJ. 2006. Organochlorine pesticide residues in milk and blood of women from Anupgarh, Rajasthan, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 116:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-7463-2
  36. Law RJ, Alaee M, Allchin CR, Boon JP, Lebeuf M, Lepom P and Stern GA. 2003. Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife. Environ. Int. 29:757-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00110-7
  37. Lind Y, Darnerud PO, Atuma S, Aune M, Becker W, Bjerselius R, Cnattingius S and Glynn A. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden. Environ. Res. 93:186-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00049-5
  38. Mazdai A, Dodder NG, Abernathy MP, Hites RA and Bigsby RM. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1249-1252. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6146
  39. McDonald TA. 2005. Polybrominated diphenylether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 1:343-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630010404
  40. Meerts IA, Letcher RJ, Hoving S, Marsh G, Bergman A, Lemmen JG, van der Burg B and Brouwer A. 2001. In vitro estrogenicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated PDBEs, and polybrominated bisphenol A compounds. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:399-407. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109399
  41. Meironyte Guvenius D, Bergman A and Noren K. 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human liver and adipose tissue. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxico.1 40:564-570.
  42. Noren K and Meironyte D. 2000. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years. Chemosphere 40:1111-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4
  43. Ohta S, Ishizuka D, Nishimura H, Nakao T, Aozasa O, Shimidzu Y, Ochiai F, Kida T, Nishi M and Miyata H. 2002. Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan. Chemosphere 46: 689-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00233-8
  44. Orn U and Klasson-Wehler E. 1998. Metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in rat and mouse. Xenobiotica 28:199-211.
  45. Ozen S and Darcan S. 2011. Effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on pubertal development. J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 3: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.v3i1.01
  46. Petreas M, She J, Brown FR, Winkler J, Windham G, Rogers E, Zhao G, Bhatia R and Charles MJ. 2003. High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1175-1179. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6220
  47. Richardson VM, Staskal DF, Ross DG, Diliberto JJ, DeVito MJ and Birnbaum LS. 2008. Possible mechanisms of thyroid hormone disruption in mice by BDE 47, a major polybrominated diphenyl ether congener. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 226:244-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2007.09.015
  48. Sanders JM, Chen LJ, Lebetkin EH and Burka LT. 2006. Metabolism and disposition of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether following administration of single or multiple doses to rats and mice. Xenobiotica 36: 103-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00498250500485107
  49. Schecter A, Pavuk M, Papke O, Ryan JJ, Birnbaum L and Rosen R. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1723-1729. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6466
  50. Schecter A, Papke O, Joseph JE and Tung KC. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. computers and domestic carpet vacuuming: Possible sources of human exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 68:501-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390590909715
  51. Schecter A, Johnson-Welch S, Tung KC, Harris TR, Papke O and Rosen R. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in livers of U.S. human fetuses and newborns. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70:1-6.
  52. She J, Petreas M, Winkler J, Visita P, McKinney M and Kopec D. 2002. PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: Measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere 46:697-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00234-X
  53. She J, Holden A, Sharp M, Tanner M, Williams-Derry C and Hooper K. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk from the Pacific Northwest. Chemosphere 67: S307-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.154
  54. Siddiqi MA, Laessig RH and Reed KD. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): New pollutants-old diseases. Clin. Med. Res. 1:281-290. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.1.4.281
  55. Sjodin A, Patterson DG, Jr. and Bergman A. 2001. Brominated flame retardants in serum from U.S. blood donors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:3830-3833. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010815n
  56. Sjodin A, Jones RS, Focant JF, Lapeza C, Wang RY, McGahee EE, 3rd, Zhang Y, Turner WE, Slazyk B, Needham LL and Patterson DG, Jr. 2004. Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:654-658. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6826
  57. Staskal DF, Diliberto JJ, DeVito MJ and Birnbaum LS. 2005. Toxicokinetics of BDE 47 in female mice: Effect of dose, route of exposure, and time. Toxicol. Sci. 83:215-223.
  58. Staskal DF, Diliberto JJ and Birnbaum LS. 2006. Disposition of BDE 47 in developing mice. Toxicol. Sci. 90:309-316. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj098
  59. Staskal DF, Diliberto JJ and Birnbaum LS. 2006. Impact of repeated exposure on the toxicokinetics of BDE 47 in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 89:380-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj038
  60. Stoker TE, Cooper RL, Lambright CS, Wilson VS, Furr J and Gray LE. 2005. In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207:78-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010
  61. Strandberg B, Dodder NG, Basu I and Hites RA. 2001. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:1078-1083. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001819f
  62. Toms LM, Harden FA, Symons RK, Burniston D, Furst P and Muller JF. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human milk from Australia. Chemosphere 68:797-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059
  63. Vo TT and Jeung EB. 2009. An evaluation of estrogenic activity of parabens using uterine calbindin-d9k gene in an immature rat model. Toxicol. Sci. 112:68-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp176
  64. Vo TT, Yoo YM, Choi KC and Jeung EB. 2010. Potential estrogenic effect(s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model. Reprod. Toxicol. 29:306-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.01.013
  65. Vo TT, Jung EM, Choi KC, Yu FH and Jeung EB. 2011. Estrogen receptor alpha is involved in the induction of Calbindin-D9k and progesterone receptor by parabens in GH3 cells: A biomarker gene for screening xenoestrogens. Steroids 76:675-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.006
  66. Wang Y, Zhao C, Ma W, Liu H, Wang T and Jiang G. 2006. Quantitative structure-activity relationship for prediction of the toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Chemosphere 64:515-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.061
  67. Waring RH and Harris RM. 2005. Endocrine disrupters: a human risk? Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 244:2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2005.02.007