References
- Holman RC, Stoll BJ, Curns AT, Yorita KL, Steiner CA, Schonberger LB. Necrotising enterocolitis hospitalisations among neonates in the United States. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2006;20:498-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2006.00756.x
- Guthrie SO, Gordon PV, Thomas V, Thorp JA, Peabody J, Clark RH. Necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates in the United States. J Perinatol 2003;23:278-85. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7210892
- Leviton A, Dammann O, Engelke S, Allred E, Kuban KC, O'Shea TM, et al. The clustering of disorders in infants born before the 28th week of gestation. Acta Paediatr 2010;99:1795-800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01973.x
- Rees CM, Pierro A, Eaton S. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates with medically and surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F193-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.099929
- Allen A, Bell A, Mantle M, Pearson JP. The structure and physiology of gastrointestinal mucus. Adv Exp Med Biol 1982;144:115-33.
- Muresan Z, Paul DL, Goodenough DA. Occludin 1B, a variant of the tight junction protein occludin. Mol Biol Cell 2000;11:627-34.
- Hunter CJ, Upperman JS, Ford HR, Camerini V. Understanding the susceptibility of the premature infant to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pediatr Res 2008;63:117-23. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31815ed64c
- Lotz M, Gutle D, Walther S, Menard S, Bogdan C, Hornef MW. Postnatal acquisition of endotoxin tolerance in intestinal epithelial cells. J Exp Med 2006;203:973-84. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050625
- Claud EC, Zhang X, Petrof EO, Sun J. Developmentally regulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1411-9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00557.2006
- Alexander VN, Northrup V, Bizzarro MJ. Antibiotic exposure in the newborn intensive care unit and the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr 2011;159:392-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.02.035
- Wang Y, Hoenig JD, Malin KJ, Qamar S, Petrof EO, Sun J, et al. 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of fecal microbiota from preterm infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis. ISME J 2009;3:944-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.37
- Claud EC, Walker WA. Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J 2001;15:1398-403. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.00-0833hyp
- Caplan MS, Hedlund E, Adler L, Hsueh W. Role of asphyxia and feeding in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:1017-28. https://doi.org/10.3109/15513819409037698
- Stoll BJ. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol 1994;21:205-18.
- Nowicki PT. Ischemia and necrotizing enterocolitis: where, when, and how. Semin Pediatr Surg 2005;14:152-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2005.05.003
- Nankervis CA, Giannone PJ, Reber KM. The neonatal intestinal vasculature: contributing factors to necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2008;32:83-91. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2008.01.003
- Moonen RM, Paulussen AD, Souren NY, Kessels AG, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Villamor E. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase polymorphisms as a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2007;62:188-90. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3180a0324e
- Banyasz I, Bokodi G, Vasarhelyi B, Treszl A, Derzbach L, Szabo A, et al. Genetic polymorphisms for vascular endothelial growth factor in perinatal complications. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006;17:266-70.
- Treszl A, Kaposi A, Hajdu J, Szabo M, Tulassay T, Vasarhelyi B. The extent to which genotype information may add to the prediction of disturbed perinatal adaptation: none, minor, or major? Pediatr Res 2007;62:610-4. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e318155a0e1
- El-Dib M, Narang S, Lee E, Massaro AN, Aly H. Red blood cell transfusion, feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2011;31:183-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2010.157
- Singh R, Visintainer PF, Frantz ID 3rd, Shah BL, Meyer KM, Favila SA, et al. Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with anemia and packed red blood cell transfusions in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2011;31:176-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2010.145
- Reber KM, Nankervis CA, Nowicki PT. Newborn intestinal circulation. Physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Perinatol 2002;29:23-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(03)00063-0
- Chuang SL, Hayes PJ, Ogundipe E, Haddad M, MacDonald TT, Fell JM. Cow's milk protein-specific T-helper type I/II cytokine responses in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009;20:45-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00729.x
- Abdelhamid AE, Chuang SL, Hayes P, Fell JM. In vitro cow's milk protein-specific inflammatory and regulatory cytokine responses in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. Pediatr Res 2011;69:165-9. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31820263e7
- Boyd CA, Quigley MA, Brocklehurst P. Donor breast milk versus infant formula for preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92:F169-75. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.089490
- McGuire W, Anthony MY. Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F11-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.88.1.F11
- Sullivan S, Schanler RJ, Kim JH, Patel AL, Trawoger R, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J Pediatr 2010;156:562-7.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.10.040
- Quigley MA, Henderson G, Anthony MY, McGuire W. Formula milk versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD002971.
- Berseth CL, Bisquera JA, Paje VU. Prolonging small feeding volumes early in life decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2003;111:529-34. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.3.529
- Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(3):CD001241.
- Bombell S, McGuire W. Early trophic feeding for very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(3):CD000504.
- Jeon GW, Park SE, Choi CW, Hwang JH, Chang YS, Park WS. The effects of early enteral feeding in extremely low birth-weight infants. Korean J Pediatr 2005;48:711-5.
- Premji S, Chessell L. Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD001819.
- Orrhage K, Nord CE. Factors controlling the bacterial colonization of the intestine in breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999;88:47-57.
- Reid G, Howard J, Gan BS. Can bacterial interference prevent infection? Trends Microbiol 2001;9:424-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02132-1
- Duffy LC. Interactions mediating bacterial translocation in the immature intestine. J Nutr 2000;130(2S Suppl):432S-436S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.432S
- Alfaleh K, Anabrees J, Bassler D, Al-Kharfi T. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(3):CD005496.
- Kapiki A, Costalos C, Oikonomidou C, Triantafyllidou A, Loukatou E, Pertrohilou V. The effect of a fructo-oligosaccharide supplemented formula on gut flora of preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:335-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.003
- Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Goulet O, Koletzko B, Michaelsen KF, Puntis JW, et al. Prebiotic oligosaccharides in dietetic products for infants: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;39:465-73. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200411000-00003
- Riskin A, Hochwald O, Bader D, Srugo I, Naftali G, Kugelman A, et al. The effects of lactulose supplementation to enteral feedings in premature infants: a pilot study. J Pediatr 2010;156:209-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.09.006
- Westerbeek EA, van den Berg JP, Lafeber HN, Fetter WP, Boehm G, Twisk JW, et al. Neutral and acidic oligosaccharides in preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:679-86. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28625
- Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Francavilla R, Montagna O, Valenzano ML, et al. Prebiotics improve gastric motility and gastric electrical activity in preterm newborns. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;49:258-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181926aec
- Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE. Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats. Quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate. J Biol Chem 1980;255:107-12.
- Li N, Lewis P, Samuelson D, Liboni K, Neu J. Glutamine regulates Caco-2 cell tight junction proteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;287:G726-33. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00012.2004
- Tubman TR, Thompson SW, McGuire W. Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD001457.
- Sevastiadou S, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Costalos C, Skouroliakou M, Briana DD, Antsaklis A, et al. The impact of oral glutamine supplementation on the intestinal permeability and incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis/septicemia in premature neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:1294-300. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2011.564240
- Castillo L, DeRojas-Walker T, Yu YM, Sanchez M, Chapman TE, Shannon D, et al. Whole body arginine metabolism and nitric oxide synthesis in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Res 1995;38:17-24. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199507000-00004
- Zamora SA, Amin HJ, McMillan DD, Kubes P, Fick GH, Butzner JD, et al. Plasma L-arginine concentrations in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr 1997;131:226-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70158-6
- Amin HJ, Zamora SA, McMillan DD, Fick GH, Butzner JD, Parsons HG, et al. Arginine supplementation prevents necrotizing enterocolitis in the premature infant. J Pediatr 2002;140:425-31. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.123289
- Buccigrossi V, de Marco G, Bruzzese E, Ombrato L, Bracale I, Polito G, et al. Lactoferrin induces concentration-dependent functional modulation of intestinal proliferation and differentiation. Pediatr Res 2007;61:410-4. https://doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e3180332c8d
- Manzoni P, Rinaldi M, Cattani S, Pugni L, Romeo MG, Messner H, et al. Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight neonates: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 302:1421-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1403
- Dvorak B, Halpern MD, Holubec H, Williams CS, McWilliam DL, Dominguez JA, et al. Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;282:G156-64. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00196.2001
- Feng J, El-Assal ON, Besner GE. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:144-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.10.018
- Nowicki PT, Dunaway DJ, Nankervis CA, Giannone PJ, Reber KM, Hammond SB, et al. Endothelin-1 in human intestine resected for necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr 2005;146:805-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.01.046
-
Ohtsuka Y, Okada K, Yamakawa Y, Ikuse T, Baba Y, Inage E, et al.
$\omega$ -3 fatty acids attenuate mucosal inflammation in premature rat pups. J Pediatr Surg 2011;46:489-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.07.032
Cited by
- Oxidative stress and free radicals related diseases of the newborn vol.3, pp.7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2012.327127
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis : Predictive Markers and Preventive Strategies vol.14, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.14-3-e113
- Necrotizing enterocolitis: The road to zero vol.19, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2013.10.001
- ADHD and Present Hedonism: time perspective as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic tool vol.12, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s116721
- Expression of MYPT1, CPI-17 and MLC20 in ileum of neonatal mouse NEC model and its significance vol.14, pp.3, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4783
- The Free Radical Diseases of Prematurity: From Cellular Mechanisms to Bedside vol.2018, pp.None, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7483062
- Standardized feeding and probiotic supplementation for reducing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants in a resource limited set up vol.72, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0040-7
- Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Therapy for Neonatal Conditions: State of the Art and Challenges in Clinical Translation vol.11, pp.8, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080404
- Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Improves Feeding Intolerance in Preterm Infants vol.22, pp.6, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2019.22.6.545