Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

The Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine (대한직업환경의학회)
권호 표지

Second-hand Smoke Exposure and Urine Cotinine Levels by Occupation in the Busan, Ulsan, Kyeongnam Provinces

부산, 울산 및 경남지역의 간접흡연 노출에 의한 직업군별 요중 코티닌 농도

  • Lee, So-Ryong (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Jeong, Soo-Jin (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Suh, Chun-Hui (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Chae-Kwan (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Chang-Hee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Son, Byung-Chul (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Dae-Hwan (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Jeong-Ho (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Tae (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine-Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Jin-Heon (Department of Environmental Education, Kongju University) ;
  • Hwang, Moon-Young (Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Park, Choong-Hee (Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research)
  • 이소룡 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 정수진 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 서춘희 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이채관 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이창희 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 손병철 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 김대환 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 김정호 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이종태 (인제대학교 의과대학 산업의학교실-환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이진헌 (공주대학교 환경교육과) ;
  • 황문영 (국립환경과학원 환경보건연구과) ;
  • 박충희 (국립환경과학원 환경보건연구과)
  • Published : 2011.03.31
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Abstract

Objectives: Exposure to second-hand smoke varied by smoking rate in the workplace and no-smoking policies. The purpose of this study was to estimate the status of second-hand smoke exposure by occupation through urine cotinine analysis in Busan, Ulsan, and Kyeongnam provinces. Methods: Data was obtained from the National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea as 'The 2008 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in Human Body'. We selected 629 non-smokers who lived in Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongnam provinces. General and occupational characteristics were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Urine cotinine concentrations were analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Chi-square test, Student t-test and ANOVA. Results: The geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of urine cotinine concentration was 17.11 (2.74) ng/ml. The urine cotinine concentration of the middle school graduate group (18.47 (2.86) ng/ml) was higher than the college graduate group (15.64 (2.60) ng/ml, p=0.212). Also, the cotinine concentration of current drinkers (18.98 (2.47) ng/ml) was higher than non-drinkers (16.15 (2.88) ng/ml, p=0.054). The proportion who smelled smoke was higher in workers (38.5%) than in non-workers (29.7%, p=0.02). Therefore, urine cotinine concentration was higher in workers (17.29 (2.66) ng/ml) than in non-workers (16.97 (2.81) ng/ml) but not at a statistically significant amount (p=0.826). In addition, cotinine concentration between the group who smelled smoke (20.45 (2.42) ng/ml) and the group who did not smelled smoke (15.53 (2.78) ng/ml) was significantly different (p=0.016) in workers but not in non-workers (17.08 (2.42) ng/ml vs 16.92 (2.98) ng/ml, p=0.942). According to the National Center for Health Statistics occupational categories in the US and the Korea Standard Classification of Occupations, the urine cotinine concentration of white collar workers such as technical workers and administrators, professional specialists, and managers was higher (18.01 (2.55) ng/ml) than that of blue collar workers such as plant and machine operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, and craft and related trades workers (15.36 (3.48) ng/ml). Conclusions: The workplace is an important contributor to second-hand smoke exposure in Busan, Ulsan and Kyeongnam provinces. Unlike in advanced countries, where anti-smoking policies have been implemented, urine cotinine concentration in people in Busan, Ulsan and Kyeongnam provinces was higher in the white collar group than in the blue collar group. This result might be due to a higher indoor second-hand smoking rate of workplaces in these areas. Further studies are needed to evaluate the correlation between regional characteristics of industries, anti-smoking policies in the workplace, smoking rates and urine cotinine concentrations of workers.

목적: 간접흡연 노출수준은 직장 내 흡연율과 금연정책에 따라 직업군 간에 차이가 난다. 본 연구는 요중 코티닌 농도 분석을 통해 부산, 울산 및 경남지역의 간접흡연노출 실태를 조사하고, 직업군 간 간접흡연 노출의 차이를 정량적으로 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 2008년 환경부 국립환경과학원에서 주관한 '제3차 국민 생체시료 중 유해오염물질 실태조사'의 결과를 원 자료로 하여, 부산, 울산, 경남지역 주민 중 비흡연자 629명을 대상으로 연구하였다. 기초 조사 과정 중 구조화된 설문지를 통해 1:1 문답방식으로 생활습관, 직업적 특성 등의 정보를 수집하였다. 요 시료 분석은 Gas Chromatograph-mass selective detector (Clarus 600T, Perkin Elmer)를 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 교차분석(Chi-square test), 독립표본 T검정(Student ttest), 일원배치분산분석(Analysis of variance, ANOVA)을 이용하였다. 결과: 조사 대상의 요중 코티닌 농도 기하평균(기하표준편차)은 17.11(2.74) ng/ml였다. 학력이 대졸이상인 군에서 15.64(2.60) ng/ml로 중졸이하인군의 18.47(2.86) ng/ml보다 낮았고(p=0.212), 음주군에서 18.98(2.47) ng/ml로 비음주군의 16.15(2.88) ng/ml보다 높았으나(p=0.054) 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 직업군에서 간접흡연에 노출된다고 응답한 사람은 38.5%로 비직업군의 29.7%보다 유의하게 높았다(p=0.02). 그리고 직업군의 요중 코티닌 농도는 17.29(2.66) ng/ml였고 비직업군은 16.97(2.81) ng/ml로 차이를 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p=0.826). 직업군에서 간접흡연 노출군과 비노출군의 요중코니틴 농도는 각각 20.45(2.42) ng/ml과 15.53(2.78) ng/ml로 조사되어 노출군에서 유의하게 높았다(p=0.016). 그러나 비직업군에서 간접흡연 노출군과 비노출군의 요중 코티닌 농도는 각각 17.08(2.42) ng/ml과 16.92(2.98) ng/ml로 조사되어 유의하지 않았다(p=0.942). 미국 보건통계센터의 직업 분류에 따른 요중코티닌 농도는 사무직 근로자(white-collar)군이 18.01(2.55) ng/ml로 가장 높았고, 생산직 근로자(blue-collar)군이 15.36(3.48) ng/ml로 가장 낮게 측정되었다. 한국표준직업분류 대분류에 따른 요중 코티닌 농도는 장치, 기계조작 및 조립 종사자군이 25.11(3.10)ng/ml, 전문가 및 관련 종사자군이 20.40(2.61) ng/ml로 높았고, 사무 종사자군이 12.79(2.30) ng/ml으로 가장 낮게 측정되었다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 현재 부산, 울산 및 경남 지역 일부 주민 중 근로자의 경우 간접흡연노출이 비근로자에 비해 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 직장 내 간접흡연노출에 대한 규제가 정착된 국가들의 연구결과와는 달리 생산직 근로자에 비해 사무직 근로자의 요중 코티닌 농도가 더 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과에는 부산, 경남지역의 직장 실내 간접흡연 노출율이 높은 점과 노출 공간 크기의 간접흡연 노출환경 등이 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 생각된다. 추후 지역별 산업구조의 특성, 직장 내 흡연율 및 금연정책과 요중 코티닌 농도와의 관련성에 관한 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Keywords

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