Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology (대한영상의학회지)

The Korean Society of Radiology (대한영상의학회)
권호 표지

Revised Korean Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer

대한갑상선학회 갑상선결절 및 암 진료 권고안 개정안

  • Yi, Ka-Hee (Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences) ;
  • Park, Young-Joo (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Koong, Sung-Soo (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Jung-Han (Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Na, Dong-Gyu (Human Medical Imaging and Intervention Center) ;
  • Ryu, Jin-Sook (Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, So-Yeon (Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, In-Ae (Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Baek, Chung-Hwan (Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Shong, Young-Kee (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolosm, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Young-Don (Department of Surgury, School of Medicine, Gachon University) ;
  • Lee, Jae-Tae (Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Hyun (Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Chung, Jae-Hoon (Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Jung, Chan-Kwon (Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Choi, Seung-Ho (Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Cho, Bo-Youn (Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Medical Center)
  • 이가희 (한국원자력의학원 내과) ;
  • 박영주 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과) ;
  • 궁성수 (충북대학교 의학전문대학원 내과) ;
  • 김정한 (성균관대학교 의과대학 외과) ;
  • 나동규 (휴먼영상의학센터) ;
  • 류진숙 (울산대학교 의과대학 핵의학과) ;
  • 박소연 (서울대학교 의과대학 병리과) ;
  • 박인애 (서울대학교 의과대학 병리과) ;
  • 백정환 (성균관대학교 의과대학 이비인후과) ;
  • 송영기 (울산대학교 의과대학 내분비대사내과) ;
  • 이영돈 (가천의과대학 외과) ;
  • 이재태 (경북대학교 의과대학 핵의학과) ;
  • 이정현 (울산대학교 의과대학 영상의학과) ;
  • 정재훈 (성균관대학교 의과대학 내과) ;
  • 정찬권 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 병리과) ;
  • 최승호 (울산대학교 의과대학 이비인후과) ;
  • 조보연 (중앙대학교병원 내과)
  • Published : 2011.04.01
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Keywords

References

  1. 김원배, 김태용, 권혁상, 문원진, 이재복, 최영식 등. 갑상선 결절 및 암 진료 권고안. 대한내분비학회지 2007;22:157-187
  2. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006;16:109-142 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.109
  3. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009;19:1167-1214 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2009.0110
  4. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, Duick DS, Valcavi R, Hegedus L, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and EuropeanThyroid Association Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract 2010;16 Suppl 1:1-43
  5. Ali SZ, Cibas ES. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. New York: Springer, 2010
  6. Marqusee E, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Larsen PR, Cibas ES, et al. Usefulness of ultrasonography in the management of nodular thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:696-700 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00011
  7. Hagag P, Strauss S, Weiss M. Role of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in evaluation of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1998;8:989-995 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.989
  8. Moon WJ, Jung SL, Lee JH, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH, et al. Benign and malignant thyroid nodules: US differentiation--multicenter retrospective study. Radiology 2008;247:762-770 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2473070944
  9. Bonavita JA, Mayo J, Babb J, Bennett G, Oweity T, Macari M, et al. Pattern recognition of benign nodules at ultrasound of the thyroid: which nodules can be left alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:207-213 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1820
  10. Moon WJ, Kwag HJ, Na DG. Are there any specific ultrasound findings of nodular hyperplasia "( leave me alone"lesion) to differentiate it from follicular adenoma? Acta Radiol 2009;50:383-388 https://doi.org/10.1080/02841850902740940
  11. Frates MC, Benson CB, Charboneau JW, Cibas ES, Clark OH, Coleman BG, et al. Management of thyroid nodules detected at US: society of radiologists in ultrasound consensus conference statement. Radiology 2005;237:794-800 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2373050220
  12. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, Crescenzi A, Taccogna S, Nardi F, et al. Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1941-1946 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.5.1941
  13. Wienke JR, Chong WK, Fielding JR, Zou KH, Mittelstaedt CA. Sonographic features of benign thyroid nodules: interobserver reliability and overlap with malignancy. J Ultrasound Med 2003;22:1027-1031 https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2003.22.10.1027
  14. Kim EK, Park CS, Chung WY, Oh KK, Kim DI, Lee JT, et al. New sonographic criteria for recommending fine-needle aspiration biopsy of nonpalpable solid nodules of the thyroid. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:687-691 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.3.1780687
  15. Moon WJ, Lee JH, Jung SL, Na DG, Baek JH, Lee YH, et al. ultrasonographic findings of benign and malignant thyroid nodules: a multicenter retrospective study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006;32 Suppl 1:P120-P121
  16. Camargo R, Corigliano S, Friguglietti C, Gauna A, Harach R, Munizaga F, et al. Latin American thyroid society recommendations for the management of thyroid nodules. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009;53:1167-1175 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302009000900014
  17. Curtis RE, Rowlings PA, Deeg HJ, Shriner DA, Socie G, Travis LB, et al. Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1997;336:897-904 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199703273361301
  18. Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik EP, Molinaro E, Agate L, Romei C, et al. Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3563-3569 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.11.3563
  19. Hall TL, Layfield LJ, Philippe A, Rosenthal DL. Sources of diagnostic error in fine needle aspiration of the thyroid. Cancer 1989;63:718-725 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19890215)63:4<718::AID-CNCR2820630420>3.0.CO;2-N
  20. Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Tuuhea J, Voutilainen L, Kivisaari L. Clinical versus ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in common clinical practice. J Clin Ultrasound 1992;20:37-42 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870200107
  21. Tan GH, Gharib H, Reading CC. Solitary thyroid nodule. Comparison between palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2418-2423 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430220076008
  22. Singh B, Shaha AR, Trivedi H, Carew JF, Poluri A, Shah JP. Coexistent Hashimoto's thyroiditis with papillary thyroid carcinoma: impact on presentation, management, and outcome. Surgery 1999;126:1070-1076 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2099.101431
  23. Repplinger D, Bargren A, Zhang YW, Adler JT, Haymart M, Chen H. Is Hashimoto's thyroiditis a risk factor for papillary thyroid cancer? J Surg Res 2008;150:49-52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.09.020
  24. Pacini F, Pinchera A, Giani C, Grasso L, Doveri F, Baschieri L. Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 1980;3:283-292 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348277
  25. Hahm JR, Lee MS, Min YK, Lee MK, Kim KW, Nam SJ, et al. Routine measurement of serum calcitonin is useful for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid 2001;11:73-80 https://doi.org/10.1089/10507250150500694
  26. Niccoli P, Wion-Barbot N, Caron P, Henry JF, de MC, Saint Andre JP, et al. Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:338-341 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.2.338
  27. Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, Di Coscio G, Romei C, Grasso L, et al. Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:163-168 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030550
  28. Gagel RF, Hoff AO, Cote GJ. Medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Werner SC, Inghar SH, Braveman LE, Utiger RD. Werner and ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005:967-988
  29. Mandel SJ. A 64-year-old woman with a thyroid nodule. JAMA 2004;292:2632-2642 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.21.2632
  30. Braga M, Cavalcanti TC, Collaco LM, Graf H. Efficacy of ultrasound- guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of complex thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4089-4091 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.9.4089
  31. de los Santos ET, Keyhani-Rofagha S, Cunningham JJ, Mazzaferri EL. Cystic thyroid nodules. The dilemma of malignant lesions. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1422-1427 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1990.00390190082012
  32. Yeh MW, Demircan O, Ituarte P, Clark OH. False-negative fineneedle aspiration cytology results delay treatment and adversely affect outcome in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2004;14:207-215 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504773297885
  33. Yassa L, Cibas ES, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, Gawande AA, et al. Long-term assessment of a multidisciplinary approach to thyroid nodule diagnostic evaluation. Cancer 2007;111:508-516 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23116
  34. Layfield LJ, Abrams J, Cochand-Priollet B, Evans D, Gharib H, Greenspan F, et al. Post-thyroid FNA testing and treatment options: a synopsis of the national cancer institute thyroid fine needle aspiration state of the science conference. Diagn Cytopathol 2008;36:442-448 https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.20832
  35. Tuttle RM, Lemar H, Burch HB. Clinical features associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in patients with follicular neoplasia by fine-needle aspiration. Thyroid 1998;8:377-383 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.377
  36. Kelman AS, Rathan A, Leibowitz J, Burstein DE, Haber RS. Thyroid cytology and the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules: importance of nuclear atypia in indeterminate specimens. Thyroid 2001;11:271-277 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072501750159714
  37. Franco C, Martinez V, Allamand JP, Medina F, Glasinovic A, Osorio M, et al. Molecular markers in thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a prospective study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009;17:211-215 https://doi.org/10.1097/PAI.0b013e31818935a9
  38. Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, Volante M, Arecco F, Rossetto R, et al. Galectin-3-expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:543-549 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70132-3
  39. Nikiforov YE, Steward DL, Robinson-Smith TM, Haugen BR, Klopper JP, Zhu Z, et al. Molecular testing for mutations in improving the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:2092-2098 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0247
  40. Tyler DS, Winchester DJ, Caraway NP, Hickey RC, Evans DB. Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: identification of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery 1994;116:1054-1060
  41. Gharib H, Goellner JR, Johnson DA. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. A 12-year experience with 11,000 biopsies. Clin Lab Med 1993;13:699-709
  42. Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Fediaevsky LD, Delbot T, Le Guillouzic D, et al. Indications and limits of ultrasound-guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:24-28 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.1.24
  43. Carmeci C, Jeffrey RB, McDougall IR, Nowels KW, Weigel RJ. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses. Thyroid 1998;8:283-289 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.283
  44. Ylagan LR, Farkas T, Dehner LP. Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: a cytohistologic correlation and study of discrepant cases. Thyroid 2004;14:35-41 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504322783821
  45. Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, et al. Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:315-318 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00010
  46. Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A. Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1998;8:15-21 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.15
  47. Erdogan MF, Kamel N, Aras D, Akdogan A, Baskal N, Erdogan G. Value of re-aspirations in benign nodular thyroid disease. Thyroid 1998;8:1087-1090 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.1087
  48. Orlandi A, Puscar A, Capriata E, Fideleff H. Repeated fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid in benign nodular thyroid disease: critical evaluation of long-term follow-up. Thyroid 2005;15:274-278 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2005.15.274
  49. Papini E, Petrucci L, Guglielmi R, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Bacci V, et al. Long-term changes in nodular goiter: a 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:780-783 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.83.3.780
  50. Brander AE, Viikinkoski VP, Nickels JI, Kivisaari LM. Importance of thyroid abnormalities detected at US screening: a 5-year follow-up. Radiology 2000;215:801-806 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.215.3.r00jn07801
  51. Zelmanovitz F, Genro S, Gross JL. Suppressive therapy with levothyroxine for solitary thyroid nodules: a double-blind controlled clinical study and cumulative meta-analyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3881-3885 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.83.11.3881
  52. Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC. Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4154-1459 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-011762
  53. Wemeau JL, Caron P, Schvartz C, Schlienger JL, Orgiazzi J, Cousty C, et al. Effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression with levothyroxine in reducing the volume of solitary thyroid nodules and improving extranodular nonpalpable changes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by the French Thyroid Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4928-4934 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020365
  54. Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR Jr., Rall JE, Tyler FH. Thyroid nodularity in children. JAMA 1975;233:1069-1072 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1975.03260100039017
  55. Hung W. Solitary thyroid nodules in 93 children and adolescents. a 35-years experience. Horm Res 1999;52:15-18 https://doi.org/10.1159/000023426
  56. Raab SS, Silverman JF, Elsheikh TM, Thomas PA, Wakely PE. Pediatric thyroid nodules: disease demographics and clinical management as determined by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Pediatrics 1995;95:46-49
  57. Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crino A, Andreo M, et al. Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4644-4648 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.10.4644
  58. Gharib H, Zimmerman D, Goellner JR, Bridley SM, LeBlanc SM. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: use in diagnosis and management of pediatric thyroid diseases. Endocr Pract 1995;1:9-13 https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.1.1.9
  59. Arda IS, Yildirim S, Demirhan B, Firat S. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:313-317 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.85.4.313
  60. Tan GH, Gharib H, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, Bahn RS. Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:2317-2320 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440190059007
  61. Mestman JH, Goodwin TM, Montoro MM. Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995;24:41-71
  62. Herzon FS, Morris DM, Segal MN, Rauch G, Parnell T. Coexistent thyroid cancer and pregnancy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;120:1191-1193 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1994.01880350009002
  63. Moosa M, Mazzaferri EL. Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2862-2866 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.9.2862
  64. Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 1994;97:418-428 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90321-2
  65. Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner JR, Ebersold JR, Grant CS. Predicting outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma: development of a reliable prognostic scoring system in a cohort of 1779 patients surgically treated at one institution during 1940 through 1989. Surgery 1993;114:1050-1057
  66. Shah MD, Hall FT, Eski SJ, Witterick IJ, Walfish PG, Freeman JL. Clinical course of thyroid carcinoma after neck dissection. Laryngoscope 2003;113:2102-2107 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200312000-00008
  67. Wang TS, Dubner S, Sznyter LA, Heller KS. Incidence of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer in cervical lymph nodes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:110-113 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.130.1.110
  68. Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, Powe NR, Gordon TA, Udelsman R. The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg 1998;228:320-330 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199809000-00005
  69. Friedman M, Pacella BL Jr. Total versus subtotal thyroidectomy. Arguments, approaches, and recommendations. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1990;23:413-427
  70. Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, O'Sullivan B. A comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome. Thyroid carcinoma as an example. Cancer 1997;79:2414-2423 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970615)79:12<2414::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-U
  71. Hay ID, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Dvorak CE, Gorman CA, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940-1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients. World J Surg 2002;26:879-885 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6612-1
  72. Lin JD, Chao TC, Huang MJ, Weng HF, Tzen KY. Use of radioactive iodine for thyroid remnant ablation in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma to replace thyroid reoperation. Am J Clin Oncol 1998;21:77-81 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-199802000-00018
  73. Mazzaferri EL. An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 1999;9:421-427 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.421
  74. Mazzaferri EL. Long-term outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: effect of therapy. Endocr Pract 2000;6:469-476 https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.6.6.469
  75. Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, Sperling M, Ladenson PW, Ross DS, et al. Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the national thyroid cancer treatment cooperative registry. Thyroid 1998;8:737-744 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.737
  76. Kim TH, Yang DS, Jung KY, Kim CY, Choi MS. Value of external irradiation for locally advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:1006-1012 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(02)04203-7
  77. Grebe SK, Hay ID. Thyroid cancer nodal metastases: biologic significance and therapeutic considerations. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1996;5:43-63
  78. Scheumann GF, Gimm O, Wegener G, Hundeshagen H, Dralle H. Prognostic significance and surgical management of locoregional lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg 1994;18:559-567 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353765
  79. Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 2003;13:381-387 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503321669875
  80. Chow SM, Law SC, Chan JK, Au SK, Yau S, Lau WH. Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid-Prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis and multifocality. Cancer 2003;98:31-40 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11442
  81. Nam-Goong IS, Kim HY, Gong G, Lee HK, Hong SJ, Kim WB, et al. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings. Clin Endocrinol 2004;60:21-28 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01912.x
  82. Solorzano CC, Carneiro DM, Ramirez M, Lee TM, Irvin GL 3rd. Surgeon-performed ultrasound in the management of thyroid malignancy. Am J Surg 2004;70:576-580
  83. Shimamoto K, Satake H, Sawaki A, Ishigaki T, Funahashi H, Imai T. Preoperative staging of thyroid papillary carcinoma with ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol 1998;29:4-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0720-048X(97)00184-8
  84. Goldstein RE, Netterville JL, Burkey B, Johnson JE. Implications of follicular neoplasms, atypia, and lesions suspicious for malignancy diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules. Ann Surg 2002;235:656-662 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200205000-00007
  85. Schlinkert RT, van Heerden JA, Goellner JR, Gharib H, Smith SL, Rosales RF, et al. Factors that predict malignant thyroid lesions when fine-needle aspiration is "suspicious for follicular neoplasm". Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:913-916 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(11)63360-0
  86. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Ko CY, Stewart AK, Winchester DP, Talamonti MS, et al. Extent of surgery affects survival for papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg 2007;246:375-381 https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31814697d9
  87. Hay ID, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Dvorak CE, Gorman CA, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma managed at the Mayo Clinic during six decades (1940-1999): temporal trends in initial therapy and long-term outcome in 2444 consecutively treated patients. World J Surg 2002;26:879-885 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6612-1
  88. Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting initially with distant metastasis. Am J Surg 1997;174:474-476 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(97)00158-X
  89. Sanders LE, Cady B. Differentiated thyroid cancer: reexamination of risk groups and outcome of treatment. Arch Surg 1998;133:419-425 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.133.4.419
  90. Rouxel A, Hejblum G, Bernier MO, Boelle PY, Menegaux F, Mansour G, et al. Prognostic factors associated with the survival of patients developing loco-regional recurrences of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5362-5368 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-032004
  91. van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Goellner JR, Salomao D, Ebersold JR, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Follicular thyroid carcinoma with capsular invasion alone: a nonthreatening malignancy. Surgery 1992;112:1130-1136
  92. Tisell LE, Nilsson B, Molne J, Hansson G, Fjalling M, Jansson S, et al. Improved survival of patients with papillary thyroid cancer after surgical microdissection. World J Surg 1996;20:854-859 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002689900130
  93. Kouvaraki MA, Shapiro SE, Fornage BD, Edeiken-Monro BS, Sherman SI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, et al. Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery 2003;134:946-954 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6060(03)00424-0
  94. Olson JA Jr., DeBenedetti MK, Baumann DS, Wells SA Jr. Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. Results of long-term follow-up. Ann Surg 1996;223:472-478 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199605000-00003
  95. Gimm O, Rath FW, Dralle H. Pattern of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg 1998;85:252-254 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00510.x
  96. Henry JF, Gramatica L, Denizot A, Kvachenyuk A, Puccini M, Defechereux T. Morbidity of prophylactic lymph node dissection in the central neck area in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998;383:167-169 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004230050111
  97. Cheah WK, Arici C, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH. Complications of neck dissection for thyroid cancer. World J Surg 2002;26:1013-1016 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-002-6670-4
  98. Machens A, Hinze R, Thomusch O, Dralle H. Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer. World J Surg 2002;26:22-28 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-001-0176-3
  99. Gemsenjager E, Perren A, Seifert B, Schuler G, Schweizer I, Heitz PU. Lymph node surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2003;197:182-190 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1072-7515(03)00421-6
  100. Ito Y, Tomoda C, Uruno T, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, et al. Preoperative ultrasonographic examination for lymph node metastasis: usefulness when designing lymph node dissection for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 2004;28:498-501 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7192-z
  101. Kupferman ME, Patterson DM, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi V, Weber RS. Safety of modified radical neck dissection for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2004;114:403-406 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200403000-00002
  102. Kupferman ME, Patterson M, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi V, Weber RS. Patterns of lateral neck metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:857-860 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.130.7.857
  103. Goropoulos A, Karamoshos K, Christodoulou A, Ntitsias T, Paulou K, Samaras A, et al. Value of the cervical compartments in the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 2004;28:1275-1281 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7643-6
  104. Pacini F, Elisei R, Capezzone M, Miccoli P, Molinaro E, Basolo F, et al. Contralateral papillary thyroid cancer is frequent at completion thyroidectomy with no difference in low- and high-risk patients. Thyroid 2001;11:877-881 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072501316973145
  105. Pasieka JL, Thompson NW, McLeod MK, Burney RE, Macha M. The incidence of bilateral well-differentiated thyroid cancer found at completion thyroidectomy. World J Surg 1992;16:711-716 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067365
  106. Kim ES, Kim TY, Koh JM, Kim YI, Hong SJ, Kim WB, et al. Completion thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer who initially underwent unilateral operation. Clin Endocrinol 2004;61:145-148 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02065.x
  107. Erdem E, Gulcelik MA, Kuru B, Alagol H. Comparison of completion thyroidectomy and primary surgery for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003;29:747-749 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2003.08.006
  108. Shaha AR, Jaffe BM. Completion thyroidectomy: a critical appraisal. Surgery 1992;112:1148-1152
  109. Randolph GW, Daniels GH. Radioactive iodine lobe ablation as an alternative to completion thyroidectomy for follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 2002;12:989-996 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502320908321
  110. Loh KC, Greenspan FS, Gee L, Miller TR, Yeo PP. Pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) staging for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective analysis of 700 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3553-3562 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.11.3553
  111. DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH. Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:414-424 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-71-2-414
  112. Byar DP, Green SB, Dor P, Williams ED, Colon J, van Gilse HA, et al. A prognostic index for thyroid carcinoma. A study of the E.O.R.T.C. Thyroid Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 1979;15:1033-1041 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2964(79)90291-3
  113. Shaha AR, Loree TR, Shah JP. Prognostic factors and risk group analysis in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery 1995;118:1131-1136 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6060(05)80124-2
  114. Sherman SI, Brierley JD, Sperling M, Ain KB, Bigos ST, Cooper DS, et al. Prospective multicenter study of thyrois]carcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. National thyroid cancer treatment cooperative study registry group. Cancer 1998;83:1012-1021 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1012::AID-CNCR28>3.0.CO;2-9
  115. Cady B, Rossi R. An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1988;104:947-453
  116. Schlumberger M, Berg G, Cohen O, Duntas L, Jamar F, Jarzab B, et al. Follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;150:105-112 https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500105
  117. Toubeau M, Touzery C, Arveux P, Chaplain G, Vaillant G, Berriolo A, et al. Predictive value for disease progression of serum thyroglobulin levels measured in the postoperative period and after (131) I ablation therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 2004;45:988-994
  118. Wenig BM, Thompson LD, Adair CF, Shmookler B, Heffess CS. Thyroid papillary carcinoma of columnar cell type: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Cancer 1998;82:740-753 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980215)82:4<740::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-Y
  119. Prendiville S, Burman KD, Ringel MD, Shmookler BM, Deeb ZE, Wolfe K, et al. Tall cell variant: an aggressive form of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:352-357 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70047-7
  120. Akslen LA, LiVolsi VA. Prognostic significance of histologic grading compared with subclassification of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:1902-1908 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000415)88:8<1902::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-Y
  121. Cailleux AF, Baudin E, Travagli JP, Ricard M, Schlumberger M. Is diagnostic iodine-131 scanning useful after total thyroid ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:175-178 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.1.175
  122. Bachelot A, Cailleux AF, Klain M, Baudin E, Ricard M, Bellon N, et al. Relationship between tumor burden and serum thyroglobulin level in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2002;12:707-711 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502760258686
  123. Sanders LE, Cady B. Differentiated thyroid cancer: reexamination of risk groups and outcome of treatment. Arch Surg 1998;133:419-425 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.133.4.419
  124. Sawka AM, Thephamongkhol K, Brouwers M, Thabane L, Browman G, Gerstein HC. Clinical review 170: a systematic review and metaanalysis of the effectiveness of radioactive iodine remnant ablation for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3668-3676 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031167
  125. Kim S, Wei JP, Braveman JM, Brams DM. Predicting outcome and directing therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg 2004;139:390-394 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.139.4.390
  126. Sugitani I, Fujimoto Y. Symptomatic versus asymptomatic papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome and prognostic factors. Endocr J 1999;46:209-216 https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.46.209
  127. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR. A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985-1995 Cancer 1998;83:2638-2648 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12<2638::AID-CNCR31>3.0.CO;2-1
  128. Jung TS, Kim TY, Kim KW, Oh YL, Park do J, Cho BY, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors for survival in patients with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and comparison to the patients with the aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr J 2007;54:265-274 https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.K06-166
  129. Edmonds CJ, Hayes S, Kermode JC, Thompson BD. Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine. Br J Radiol 1977;50:799-807 https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-50-599-799
  130. Torres MS, Ramirez L, Simkin PH, Braverman LE, Emerson CH. Effect of various doses of recombinant human thyrotropin on the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1660-1664 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.4.1660
  131. Hershman JM, Edwards CL. Serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels after thyroid ablation compared with TSH levels after exogenous bovine TSH: implications for 131-I treatment of thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1972;34:814-818 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-34-5-814
  132. Hilts SV, Hellman D, Anderson J, Woolfenden J, Van Antwerp J, Patton D. Serial TSH determination after T3 withdrawal or thyroidectomy in the therapy of thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1979;20:928-932
  133. Martin ND. Endogenous serum TSH levels and metastatic survey scans in thyroid cancer patients using triiodothyronine withdrawal. Clin Nucl Med 1978;3:401-403 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-197810000-00009
  134. Goldman JM, Line BR, Aamodt RL, Robbins J. Influence of triiodothyronine withdrawal time on 131I uptake postthyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;50:734-739 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-50-4-734
  135. Schneider AB, Line BR, Goldman JM, Robbins J. Sequential serum thyroglobulin determinations, 131I scans, and 131I uptakes after triiodothyronine withdrawal in patients with thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:1199-1206 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-53-6-1199
  136. Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Hertzberg VS, Kereiakes JG, Chen IW, Sperling MI, et al. Relation between effective radiation dose and outcome of radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 1983;309:937-941 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198310203091601
  137. Liel Y. Preparation for radioactive iodine administration in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Clin Endocrinol 2002;57:523-527 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01631.x
  138. Sanchez R, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros AL, Mendoza V, Brea E, Hernandez I, Sosa E, et al. Adequate thyroid-stimulating hormone levels after levothyroxine discontinuation in the follow-up of patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Arch Med Res 2002;33:478-481 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0188-4409(02)00394-6
  139. Grigsby PW, Siegel BA, Bekker S, Clutter WE, Moley JF. Preparation of patients with thyroid cancer for 131I scintigraphy or therapy by 1-3 weeks of thyroxine discontinuation. J Nucl Med 2004;45:567-570
  140. Serhal DI, Nasrallah MP, Arafah BM. Rapid rise in serum thyrotropin concentrations after thyroidectomy or withdrawal of suppressive thyroxine therapy in preparation for radioactive iodine administration to patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3285-3289 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031139
  141. Carril JM, Quirce R, Serrano J, Banzo I, Jimenez-Bonilla JF, Tabuenca O, et al. Total-body scintigraphy with thallium-201 and iodine-131 in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 1997;38:686-692
  142. Muratet JP, Giraud P, Daver A, Minier JF, Gamelin E, Larra F. Predicting the efficacy of first iodine-131 treatment in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1362-1368
  143. Anderson GS, Fish S, Nakhoda K, Zhuang H, Alavi A, Mandel SJ. Comparison of I-123 and I-131 for whole-body imaging after stimulation by recombinant human thyrotropin: a preliminary report. Clin Nucl Med 2003;28:93-96
  144. Gerard SK, Cavalieri RR. I-123 diagnostic thyroid tumor wholebody scanning with imaging at 6, 24, and 48 hours. Clin Nucl Med 2002;27:1-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200201000-00001
  145. Rosario PW, Reis JS, Barroso AL, Rezende LL, Padrao EL, Fagundes TA. Efficacy of low and high 131I doses for thyroid remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma based on post-operative cervical uptake. Nucl Med Commun 2004;25:1077-1081 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200411000-00002
  146. Bal C, Padhy AK, Jana S, Pant GS, Basu AK. Prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the optimal dose of 131 I for remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1996;77:2574-2580 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2574::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-O
  147. Creutzig H. High or low dose radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants? Eur J Nucl Med 1987;12:500-502 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00620474
  148. Johansen K, Woodhouse NJ, Odugbesan O. Comparison of 1073 MBq and 3700 MBq iodine-131 in postoperative ablation of residual thyroid tissue in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 1991;32:252-254
  149. Robbins RJ, Larson SM, Sinha N, Shaha A, Divgi C, Pentlow KS, et al. A retrospective review of the effectiveness of recombinant human TSH as a preparation for radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation. J Nucl Med 2002;43:1482-1488
  150. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Lippi F, Ceccarelli C, Agate L, et al. Ablation of thyroid residues with 30 mCi (131)I: a comparison in thyroid cancer patients prepared with recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4063-4068 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-011918
  151. Pacini F, Ladenson PW, Schlumberger M, Driedger A, Luster M, Kloos RT, et al. Radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants after preparation with recombinant human thyrotropin in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: results of an international, randomized, controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:926-932 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1651
  152. Pilli T, Brianzoni E, Capoccetti F, Castagna MG, Fattori S, Poggiu A, et al. A comparison of 1850 (50 mCi) and 3700 MBq (100 mCi) 131-iodine administered doses for recombinant thyrotropin-stimulated postoperative thyroid remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3542-3546 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0225
  153. Chianelli M, Todino V, Graziano FM, Panunzi C, Pace D, Guglielmi R, et al. Low-activity (2.0 GBq; 54 mCi) radioiodine post-surgical remnant ablation in thyroid cancer: comparison between hormone withdrawal and use of rhTSH in low-risk patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:431-436 https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-08-0669
  154. Tuttle RM, Brokhin M, Omry G, Martorella AJ, Larson SM, Grewal RK, et al. Recombinant human TSH-assisted radioactive iodine remnant ablation achieves short-term clinical recurrence rates similar to those of traditional thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med 2008;49:764-770 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.107.049072
  155. Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Boehringer A, Drilling J, Sperling MI, Sparks JC, et al. Low iodine diet in I-131 ablation of thyroid remnants. Clin Nucl Med 1983;8:123-126 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-198303000-00006
  156. Goslings BM. Proceedings: effect of a low iodine diet on 131-I therapy in follicular thyroid carcinomata. J Endocrinol 1975;64:30P
  157. Pluijmen MJ, Eustatia-Rutten C, Goslings BM, Stokkel MP, Arias AM, Diamant M, et al. Effects of low-iodide diet on postsurgical radioiodide ablation therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol 2003;58:428-435 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01735.x
  158. Park JT, Hennessey JV. Two-week low iodine diet is necessary for adequate outpatient preparation for radioiodine rhTSH scanning in patients taking levothyroxine. Thyroid 2004;14:57-63 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504322783858
  159. Tomoda C, Uruno T, Takamura Y, Ito Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, et al. Reevaluation of stringent low iodine diet in outpatient preparation for radioiodine examination and therapy. Endocr J 2005;52:237-240 https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.52.237
  160. Morris LF, Wilder MS, Waxman AD, Braunstein GD. Reevaluation of the impact of a stringent low-iodine diet on ablation rates in radioiodine treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2001;11:749-755 https://doi.org/10.1089/10507250152484583
  161. Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Mullan BP, Wiseman GA, Eghbali- Fatourechi GZ, Thorson LM, et al. Are posttherapy radioiodine scans informative and do they influence subsequent therapy of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer? Thyroid 2000;10:573-577 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2000.10.573
  162. Sherman SI, Tielens ET, Sostre S, Wharam MD Jr., Ladenson PW. Clinical utility of posttreatment radioiodine scans in the management of patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:629-634 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.78.3.629
  163. Souza Rosario PW, Barroso AL, Rezende LL, Padrao EL, Fagundes TA, Penna GC, et al. Post I-131 therapy scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma metastases: an unnecessary cost or a relevant contribution? Clin Nucl Med 2004;29:795-798 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200412000-00005
  164. McGriff NJ, Csako G, Gourgiotis L, Lori C G, Pucino F, Sarlis NJ. Effects of thyroid hormone suppression therapy on adverse clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer. Ann Med 2002;34:554-564 https://doi.org/10.1080/078538902321117760
  165. Pujol P, Daures JP, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J, Jaffiol C. Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4318-4323 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.12.4318
  166. Toft AD. Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 2001;345:512-516 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp010145
  167. Wilson PC, Millar BM, Brierley JD. The management of advanced thyroid cancer. Clin Oncol 2004;16:561-568 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2004.08.009
  168. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Smit JW, Romijn JA, van der Kleij-Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Stokkel MP, et al. Diagnostic value of serum thyroglobulin measurements in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, a structured meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol 2004;61:61-74 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02060.x
  169. Bachelot A, Leboulleux S, Baudin E, Hartl DM, Caillou B, Travagli JP, et al. Neck recurrence from thyroid carcinoma: serum thyroglobulin and high-dose total body scan are not reliable criteria for cure after radioiodine treatment. Clin Endocrinol 2005;62:376-379 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02228.x
  170. Brierley JD, Tsang RW. External-beam radiation therapy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;16:42-49 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199901/02)16:1<42::AID-SSU8>3.0.CO;2-4
  171. Ronga G, Filesi M, Montesano T, Di Nicola AD, Pace C, Travascio L, et al. Lung metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. A 40 years' experience. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;48:12-19
  172. Schlumberger M, Challeton C, De Vataire F, Travagli JP, Gardet P, Lumbroso JD, et al. Radioactive iodine treatment and external radiotherapy for lung and bone metastases from thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1996;37:598-605
  173. Ilgan S, Karacalioglu AO, Pabuscu Y, Atac GK, Arslan N, Ozturk E, et al. Iodine-131 treatment and high-resolution CT: results in patients with lung metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:825-830 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1460-x
  174. Bernier MO, Leenhardt L, Hoang C, Aurengo A, Mary JY, Menegaux F, et al. Survival and therapeutic modalities in patients with bone metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1568-1573 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.4.1568
  175. Zettinig G, Fueger BJ, Passler C, Kaserer K, Pirich C, Dudczak R, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma -- surgery or conventional therapy? Clin Endocrinol 2002;56:377-382 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01482.x
  176. Spencer CA, Bergoglio LM, Kazarosyan M, Fatemi S, LoPresti JS. Clinical impact of thyroglobulin (Tg) and Tg autoantibody method differences on the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5566-5575 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0671
  177. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Fatemi S, Nicoloff JT. Detection of residual and recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma by serum thyroglobulin measurement. Thyroid 1999;9:435-441 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.435
  178. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489-499 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.2.489
  179. Spencer CA. Challenges of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement in the presence of Tg autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3702-3704 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0986
  180. David A, Blotta A, Rossi R, Zatelli MC, Bondanelli M, Roti E, et al. Clinical value of different responses of serum thyroglobulin to recombinant human thyrotropin in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2005;15:267-273 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2005.15.267
  181. Baudin E, Do CC, Cailleux AF, Leboulleux S, Travagli JP, Schlumberger M. Positive predictive value of serum thyroglobulin levels, measured during the first year of follow-up after thyroid hormone withdrawal, in thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1107-1111 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021365
  182. Schaap J, Eustatia-Rutten CF, Stokkel M, Links TP, Diamant M, van der Velde EA, et al. Does radioiodine therapy have disadvantageous effects in non-iodine accumulating differentiated thyroid carcinoma? Clin Endocrinol 2002;57:117-124 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01574.x
  183. Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, Taddei D, Pinchera A. Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum Tg levels after initial treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1499-1501 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.4.1499
  184. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1447-1463 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.4.1447
  185. Koh JM, Kim ES, Ryu JS, Hong SJ, Kim WB, Shong YK. Effects of therapeutic doses of 131I in thyroid papillary carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin level and negative 131I whole-body scan: comparative study. Clin Endocrinol 2003;58:421-427 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01733.x
  186. Schlumberger M, Mancusi F, Baudin E, Pacini F. 131I therapy for elevated thyroglobulin levels. Thyroid 1997;7:273-276 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1997.7.273
  187. Pacini F, Molinaro E, Castagna MG, Agate L, Elisei R, Ceccarelli C, et al. Recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3668-3673 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021925
  188. Snozek CL, Chambers EP, Reading CC, Sebo TJ, Sistrunk JW, Singh RJ, et al. Serum thyroglobulin, high-resolution ultrasound, and lymph node thyroglobulin in diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma nodal metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4278-4281 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1075
  189. Larson SM, Robbins R. Positron emission tomography in thyroid cancer management. Semin Roentgenol 2002;37:169-174 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-198X(02)80035-9
  190. Leboulleux S, Schroeder PR, Busaidy NL, Auperin A, Corone C, Jacene HA, et al. Assessment of the incremental value of recombinant thyrotropin stimulation before 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-deoxy-Dglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging to localize residual differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1310-1316 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1747
  191. Wang PW, Wang ST, Liu RT, Chien WY, Tung SC, Lu YC, et al. Levothyroxine suppression of thyroglobulin in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4549-4553 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.12.4549
  192. Dupuy DE, Monchik JM, Decrea C, Pisharodi L. Radiofrequency ablation of regional recurrence from well-differentiated thyroid malignancy. Surgery 2001;130:971-977 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2001.118708
  193. Lewis BD, Hay ID, Charboneau JW, McIver B, Reading CC, Goellner JR. Percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of cervical lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:699-704 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.178.3.1780699
  194. Eustatia-Rutten CF, Romijn JA, Guijt MJ, Vielvoye GJ, van den Berg R, Corssmit EP, et al. Outcome of palliative embolization of bone metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3184-3189 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030231
  195. Kloos RT, Mazzaferri EL. A single recombinant human thyrotropin- stimulated serum thyroglobulin measurement predicts differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases three to five years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5047-5057 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0492
  196. Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Murakami N, Nakayama I, Toda M, Kawamoto H. Small carcinomas of the thyroid. A long-term follow- up of 867 patients. Arch Surg 1996;131:187-191 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430140077021
  197. Marchesi M, Biffoni M, Biancari F, Berni A, Campana FP. Predictors of outcome for patients with differentiated and aggressive thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Suppl 2003:46-50
  198. Ge JH, Zhao RL, Hu JL, Zhou WA. Surgical treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma with aero-digestive invasion. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2004;39:237-240
  199. Avenia N, Ragusa M, Monacelli M, Calzolari F, Daddi N, Di Carlos L, et al. Locally advanced thyroid cancer: therapeutic options. Chir Ital 2004;56:501-508
  200. McCaffrey JC. Evaluation and treatment of aerodigestive tract invasion by well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Control 2000;7:246-252 https://doi.org/10.1177/107327480000700304
  201. Musholt TJ, Musholt PB, Behrend M, Raab R, Scheumann GF, Klempnauer J. Invasive differentiated thyroid carcinoma: tracheal resection and reconstruction procedures in the hands of the endocrine surgeon. Surgery 1999;126:1078-1087 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2099.102267
  202. Czaja JM, McCaffrey TV. The surgical management of laryngotracheal invasion by well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:484-490 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1997.01900050030003
  203. Van Nostrand D, Atkins F, Yeganeh F, Acio E, Bursaw R, Wartofsky L. Dosimetrically determined doses of radioiodine for the treatment of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2002;12:121-134 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072502753522356
  204. Kulkarni K, Van Nostrand D, Atkins F, Aiken M, Burman K, Wartofsky L. The relative frequency in which empiric dosages of radioiodine would potentially overtreat or undertreat patients who have metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006;16:1019-1023 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.1019
  205. Luster M, Lippi F, Jarzab B, Perros P, Lassmann M, Reiners C, et al. rhTSH-aided radioiodine ablation and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a comprehensive review. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005;12:49-64 https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00830
  206. Van Tol KM, Hew JM, Jager PL, Vermey A, Dullaart RP, Links TP. Embolization in combination with radioiodine therapy for bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol 2000;52:653-659 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00998.x
  207. Posteraro AF, Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith WW. Radiofrequency ablation of bony metastatic disease. Clin Radiol 2004;59:803-811 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2004.01.015
  208. Vitale G, Fonderico F, Martignetti A, Caraglia M, Ciccarelli A, Nuzzo V, et al. Pamidronate improves the quality of life and induces clinical remission of bone metastases in patients with thyroid cancer. Br J Cancer 2001;84:1586-1590 https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2001.1832
  209. Masala S, Fiori R, Massari F, Simonetti G. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: new equipment for malignant vertebral fractures treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2003;22(4 Suppl):75-79
  210. Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3637-3642 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.11.3637
  211. Kloos RT, Duvuuri V, Jhiang SM, Cahill KV, Foster JA, Burns JA. Nasolacrimal drainage system obstruction from radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5817-5820 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020210
  212. Mandel SJ, Mandel L. Radioactive iodine and the salivary glands. Thyroid 2003;13:265-271 https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503321582060
  213. Rubino C, de Vathair F, Dottorini ME, Hall P, Schvartz C, Couette JE, et al. Second primary malignancies in thyroid cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2003;89:1638-1644 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601319
  214. Chen AY, Levy L, Goepfert H, Brown BW, Spitz MR, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. The development of breast carcinoma in women with thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2001;92:225-231 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20010715)92:2<225::AID-CNCR1313>3.0.CO;2-B
  215. Benua RS, Cicale NR, Sonenberg M, Rawson RW. The relation of radioiodine dosimetry to results and complications in the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1962;87:171-182
  216. Vini L, Hyer S, Al-Saadi A, Pratt B, Harmer C. Prognosis for fertility and ovarian function after treatment with radioiodine for thyroid cancer. Postgrad Med J 2002;78:92-93 https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.916.92
  217. Dottorini ME, Lomuscio G, Mazzucchelli L, Vignati A, Colombo L. Assessment of female fertility and carcinogenesis after iodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1995;36:21-27
  218. Schlumberger M, De Vathaire F, Ceccarelli C, Delisle MJ, Francese C, Couette JE, et al. Exposure to radioactive iodine-131 for scintigraphy or therapy does not preclude pregnancy in thyroid cancer patients. J Nucl Med 1996;37:606-612
  219. Wichers M, Benz E, Palmedo H, Biersack HJ, Grunwald F, Klingmuller D. Testicular function after radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:503-507 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002590050535
  220. Hyer S, Vini L, O'Connell M, Pratt B, Harmer C. Testicular dose and fertility in men following I(131) therapy for thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol 2002;56:755-758 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.t01-1-01545.x
  221. Sarkar SD, Beierwaltes WH, Gill SP, Cowley BJ. Subsequent fertility and birth histories of children and adolescents treated with 131I for thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 1976;17:460-464
  222. Mazzaferri EL. Gonadal damage from 131I therapy for thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol 2002;57:313-314 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01611.x
  223. van Tol KM, Jager PL, de Vries EG, Piers DA, Boezen HM, Sluiter WJ, et al. Outcome in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with negative diagnostic whole-body scanning and detectable stimulated thyroglobulin. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148:589-96 https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1480589
  224. Pineda JD, Lee T, Ain K, Reynolds JC, Robbins J. Iodine-131 therapy for thyroid cancer patients with elevated thyroglobulin and negative diagnostic scan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1488-1492 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.80.5.1488
  225. Pacini F, Agate L, Elisei R, Capezzone M, Ceccarelli C, Lippi F, et al. Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer with detectable serum Tg and negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scan: comparison of patients treated with high (131)I activities versus untreated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4092-4097 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.9.4092
  226. Wang W, Larson SM, Tuttle RM, Kalaigian H, Kolbert K, Sonenberg M, et al. Resistance of [18f]-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid metastatic thyroid cancer lesions to treatment with high-dose radioactive iodine. Thyroid 2001;11:1169-1175 https://doi.org/10.1089/10507250152741028
  227. Kabasakal L, Selcuk NA, Shafipour H, Ozmen O, Onsel C, Uslu I. Treatment of iodine-negative thyroglobulin-positive thyroid cancer: differences in outcome in patients with macrometastases and patients with micrometastases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1500-1504 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1516-y
  228. Fatourechi V, Hay ID, Javedan H, Wiseman GA, Mullan BP, Gorman CA. Lack of impact of radioiodine therapy in tg-positive, diagnostic whole-body scan-negative patients with follicular cellderived thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1521-1526 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.4.1521
  229. Wang W, Macapinlac H, Larson SM, Yeh SD, Akhurst T, Finn RD, et al. [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography localizes residual thyroid cancer in patients with negative diagnostic (131)I whole body scans and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2291-2302 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.7.2291
  230. Helal BO, Merlet P, Toubert ME, Franc B, Schvartz C, Gauthier- Koelesnikov H, et al. Clinical impact of (18)F-FDG PET in thyroid carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin levels and negative (131)I scanning results after therapy. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1464-1469
  231. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1998;82:375-388 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980115)82:2<389::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-V
  232. O'Bryan RM, Baker LH, Gottlieb JE, Rivkin SE, Balcerzak SP, Grumet GN, et al. Dose response evaluation of adriamycin in human neoplasia. Cancer 1977;39:1940-1948 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197705)39:5<1940::AID-CNCR2820390505>3.0.CO;2-0
  233. Gottlieb JA, Hill CS Jr., Ibanez ML, Clark RL. Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer. An evaluation of experience with 37 patients. Cancer 1972;30:848-853 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197209)30:3<848::AID-CNCR2820300336>3.0.CO;2-2
  234. Gottlieb JA, Hill CS Jr. Chemotherapy of thyroid cancer with adriamycin. Experience with 30 patients. N Engl J Med 1974;290:193-197 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197401242900404
  235. Haugen BR. Management of the patient with progressive radioiodine non-responsive disease. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;16:34-41 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2388(199901/02)16:1<34::AID-SSU7>3.0.CO;2-2
  236. Ain KB, Egorin MJ, DeSimone PA. Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using ninety-six-hour infusion. Collaborative Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Health Intervention Trials (CATCHIT) Group. Thyroid 2000;10:587-594 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2000.10.587
  237. Santini F, Bottici V, Elisei R, Montanelli L, Mazzeo S, Basolo F, et al. Cytotoxic effects of carboplatinum and epirubicin in the setting of an elevated serum thyrotropin for advanced poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4160-4165 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2001-011151
  238. Saad MF, Ordonez NG, Rashid RK, Guido JJ, Hill CS Jr., Hickey RC, et al. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. A study of the clinical features and prognostic factors in 161 patients. Medicine 1984;63:319-342 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198411000-00001
  239. Machens A, Niccoli-Sire P, Hoegel J, Frank-Raue K, van Vroonhoven TJ, Roeher HD, et al. Early malignant progression of hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1517-25 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012915
  240. Horvit PK, Gagel RF. The goitrous patient with an elevated serum calcitonin--what to do? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:335-337 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.82.2.335
  241. Pacini F, Fontanelli M, Fugazzola L, Elisei R, Romei C, Di Coscio G, et al. Routine measurement of serum calcitonin in nodular thyroid diseases allows the preoperative diagnosis of unsuspected sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:826-829 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.78.4.826
  242. Ozgen AG, Hamulu F, Bayraktar F, Yilmaz C, Tuzun M, Yetkin E, et al. Evaluation of routine basal serum calcitonin measurement for early diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in seven hundred seventy-three patients with nodular goiter. Thyroid 1999;9:579-582 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.579
  243. Rieu M, Lame MC, Richard A, Lissak B, Sambort B, Vuong-Ngoc P, et al. Prevalence of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: the importance of routine measurement of serum calcitonin in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol 1995;42:453-460 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02662.x
  244. Cohen R, Campos JM, Salaun C, Heshmati HM, Kraimps JL, Proye C, et al. Preoperative calcitonin levels are predictive of tumor size and postoperative calcitonin normalization in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Groupe d'Etudes des Tumeurs a Calcitonine (GETC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:919-922 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.2.919
  245. Greene FL, Sobin LH. The TNM system: our language for cancer care. J Surg Oncol 2002;80:119-120 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.10114
  246. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, Bilezikian JP, Beck-Peccoz P, Bordi C, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5658-71 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.86.12.5658
  247. Wells SA, Jr., Dilley WG, Farndon JA, Leight GS, Baylin SB. Early diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1248-152 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1985.00360070126021
  248. Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Morris DM, Key CR. Prognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma. A population-based study of 15,698 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973-1991. Cancer 1997;79:564-573 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970201)79:3<564::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-0
  249. Moretti F, Farsetti A, Soddu S, Misiti S, Crescenzi M, Filetti S, et al. p53 re-expression inhibits proliferation and restores differentiation of human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cells. Oncogene 1997;14:729-740 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1200887
  250. Quiros RM, Ding HG, Gattuso P, Prinz RA, Xu X. Evidence that one subset of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are derived from papillary carcinomas due to BRAF and p53 mutations. Cancer 2005;103:2261-2268 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21073
  251. Sherman SI. Anaplastic carcinoma: clinical aspects. In: Leonard W. ed. Thyroid cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management. Totowa: Humana Press, 2000:319-326
  252. O'Neill JP, O'Neill B, Condron C, Walsh M, Bouchier-Hayes D. Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer: improved insight and therapeutic strategy into a highly aggressive disease. J Laryngol Otol 2005;119:585-591
  253. Dahl PR, Brodland DG, Goellner JR, Hay ID. Thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the skin: a cutaneous manifestation of a widely disseminated malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:531-537 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70239-1
  254. Takashima S, Morimoto S, Ikezoe J, Takai S, Kobayashi T, Koyama H, et al. CT evaluation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990;154:1079-1085 https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.154.5.2108546
  255. Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer 1990;66:321-330 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::AID-CNCR2820660221>3.0.CO;2-A
  256. Sugitani I, Kasai N, Fujimoto Y, Yanagisawa A. Prognostic factors and therapeutic strategy for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 2001;25:617-622 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002680020166
  257. Junor EJ, Paul J, Reed NS. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: 91 patients treated by surgery and radiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992;18:83-88
  258. Kihara M, Miyauchi A, Yamauchi A, Yokomise H. Prognostic factors of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Surg Today 2004;34:394-398 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-003-2737-6
  259. Heron DE, Karimpour S, Grigsby PW. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: comparison of conventional radiotherapy and hyperfractionation chemoradiotherapy in two groups. Am J Clin Oncol 2002;25:442-446 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-200210000-00003
  260. Ain KB. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: behavior, biology, and therapeutic approaches. Thyroid 1998;8:715-726 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1998.8.715