Predicting the Treatment Response Using a Direct Sequencing Method for EGFR in Non-Squamous, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

비편평, 비소세포폐암에서 EGFR 염기서열 분석법의 치료 반응 예측

  • Park, Ji-Young (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Jang, Seung-Hun (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Hyo-Jung (Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Park, Yong-Bum (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Kwon, Jung-Hye (Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Song, Hun-Ho (Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Kyung-Wha (Hallym Institute for Genome Application) ;
  • Kim, Jin-Hee (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Joo-Hee (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Park, Sung-Hoon (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Hwang, Yong-Il (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Dong-Gyu (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Jung, Ki-Suck (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital)
  • 박지영 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 장승훈 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 김효정 (한림대학교 성심병원 혈액종양내과) ;
  • 박용범 (강동성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 권정혜 (강동성심병원 혈액종양내과) ;
  • 송헌호 (강동성심병원 혈액종양내과) ;
  • 이경화 (한림유전체응용연구소) ;
  • 김진희 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 김주희 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 박성훈 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 황용일 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 김동규 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과) ;
  • 정기석 (한림대학교 성심병원 호흡기-알레르기내과)
  • Published : 2011.11.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have emerged as a key predictive biomarker for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) treatment and should be the primary standard for selecting patients for first-line treatment with EGFR-TKIs. This retrospective study evaluated the ability of direct DNA sequencing to predict the EGFR-TKI response. Methods: We sequenced exons 18-21 of the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain from genomic DNA isolated from 122 NSCLCs, using paraffin-embedded tissues or cytological specimens. Mutation status was compared with clinicopathological features. Clinical outcomes were assessed based on EGFR genotypes. Results: EGFR gene mutations were identified in 36 patients. EGFR mutations were significantly more frequent in non-smokers or light smokers than in heavy smokers (44.8% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001) and in females than in males (41.8% vs. 19.4%, p = 0.007). The response rate to EGFR-TKIs in patients with an EGFR mutation was 42.1% (8/19), in contrast to 18.9% (7/37) in patients without a mutation (p = 0.064). Patients with an EGFR mutation had significantly prolonged progression-free survival (8.5 vs. 1.5 months; p = 0.003) and overall survival (40.0 vs. 13.3 months; p = 0.006) with EGFR-TKI treatment, compared with patients without a mutation. Among the 15 patients who responded to EGFR-TKIs, 46.7% (7/15) had wild-type EGFR by the direct sequencing method. Conclusions: EGFR-TKIs conferred substantial clinical benefit in patients with NSCLCs and EGFR mutations. Detection of an EGFR mutation currently relies on direct sequencing, which cannot be performed on small diagnostic specimens, and the method lacks sensitivity. Sensitive assays are needed to detect EGFR mutations in routine clinical samples.

목적: 비편평, 비소세포폐암에서 EGFR 돌연변이는 EGFR-TKI의 효과를 결정하는 가장 중요한 인자로서 EGFR-TKI를 1차 항암 치료제로 사용할 수 있는 환자를 선별하는 기준으로 사용된다. 표준 방법으로 사용되고 있는 EGFR 직접 염기서열 분석법의 EGFR-TKI 치료 효과에 대한 예측력을 평가하였다. 방법: 편평세포암을 제외한 비소세포폐암 환자 122명의 임상정보와 EGFR 돌연변이 검사 결과를 의무기록 중심으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 돌연변이 검사는 EGFR gene의 kinase domain (exons 18-21)에 대한 직접 염기서열 분석을 실시하였다. 임상 요소에 따른 돌연변이 발견율과 검사 결과에 따른 EGFR-TKI 치료 효과를 평가하였다. 결과: 총 36명에서 EGFR 돌연변이를 발견하였다. 여성에서(44.8% vs. 10.9%; p < 0.001), 비흡연 또는 10갑년 이하의 경도 흡연자에서(41.8% vs. 19.4%; p = 0.007) 유의하게 높은 빈도로 돌연변이가 발견되었다. EGFR-TKI 치료 반응률은 돌연변이형에서 42.1% (8/19), 야생형에서 18.9% (7/37)였다(p = 0.064). EGFR-TKI 사용의 무진행 생존기간은 돌연변이형에서 8.5개월, 야생형에서 1.5개월로 차이를 보였다(p = 0.003). EGFR-TKI 투여받은 환자의 중앙 생존기간은 돌연변이형에서 40.0개월, 야생형에서는 13.3개월로 차이를 보였다(p = 0.006). EGFR-TKI 치료로 부분관해 이상의 반응을 보인 환자들 중 직접 염기서열 분석법에서 야생형이었던 환자가 46.7% (7/15)로 다수 있었으며 야생형 환자 중에서 EGFR-TKI에 부분 관해 이상의 반응을 보인 환자는 18.9% (7/37)이었다. 결론: 비편평, 비소세포폐암 환자에서 직접 염기서열 분석법을 통한 EGFR 돌연변이 환자군이 야생형 환자군과 비교하여 EGFR-TKI 치료에 반응률 높고 무진행 생존기간과 중앙 생존기간이 연장됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면 직접 염기서열 분석법으로 EGFR 야생형으로 분류된 환자 중 적지않은 수에서 EGFR-TKI에 부분 관해 이상의 반응을 보였기 때문에 작은 검체에서도 민감하게 EGFR 돌연변이를 찾을 수 있는 검사 방법 개발과 표준화가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Kubota K, Watanabe K, Kunitoh H, et al. Phase III randomized trial of docetaxel plus cisplatin versus vindesine plus cisplatin in patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: the Japanese Taxotere Lung Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2004;22: 254-261.
  2. Ohe Y, Ohashi Y, Kubota K, et al. Randomized phase III study of cisplatin plus irinotecan versus carboplatin plus paclitaxel, cisplatin plus gemcitabine, and cisplatin plus vinorelbine for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Four-Arm Cooperative Study in Japan. Ann Oncol 2007;18:317-323.
  3. Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:92-98. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011954
  4. Park K, Goto K. A review of the benefit-risk profile of gefitinib in Asian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:561-573. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X89847
  5. Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;353:123-132. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050753
  6. Thatcher N, Chang A, Parikh P, et al. Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet 2005;366:1527-1537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67625-8
  7. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2129-2139. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040938
  8. Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004;304:1497-1500. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099314
  9. Macconaill LE, Garraway LA. Clinical implications of the cancer genome. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:5219-5228. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.4944
  10. Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2009;361:958-967. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904554
  11. Tanaka T, Matsuoka M, Sutani A, et al. Frequency of and variables associated with the EGFR mutation and its subtypes. Int J Cancer 2010;126:651-655. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24746
  12. Pirker R, Herth FJ, Kerr KM, et al. Consensus for EGFR mutation testing in non-small cell lung cancer: results from a European workshop. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:1706-1713. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181f1c8de
  13. Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Tanoue LT. The new lung cancer staging system. Chest 2009;136:260-271. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0978
  14. Liu D, Nakano J, Ueno M, et al. A useful protocol for analyses of mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Oncol Rep 2006;15:1503-1505.
  15. Cohen MH, Williams GA, Sridhara R, et al. United States Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval summary: Gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) tablets. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:1212-1218. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0564
  16. Jorissen RN, Walker F, Pouliot N, Garrett TP, Ward CW, Burgess AW. Epidermal growth factor receptor: mechanisms of activation and signalling. Exp Cell Res 2003;284:31-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00098-8
  17. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011;144:646-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
  18. Lassus H, Sihto H, Leminen A, et al. Gene amplification, mutation, and protein expression of EGFR and mutations of ERBB2 in serous ovarian carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:671-681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-006-0054-4
  19. Nicholson RI, Gee JM, Harper ME. EGFR and cancer prognosis. Eur J Cancer 2001;37(Suppl 4):S9-S15.
  20. Marchetti A, Martella C, Felicioni L, et al. EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of a large series of cases and development of a rapid and sensitive method for diagnostic screening with potential implications on pharmacologic treatment. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:857-865. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.08.043
  21. Shigematsu H, Lin L, Takahashi T, et al. Clinical and biological features associated with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:339-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji055
  22. Cappuzzo F, Hirsch FR, Rossi E, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small -cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:643-655. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji112
  23. Douillard JY, Shepherd FA, Hirsh V, et al. Molecular predictors of outcome with gefitinib and docetaxel in previously treated nonsmall- cell lung cancer: data from the randomized phase III INTEREST trial. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:744-752. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.3030
  24. Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Bunn PA Jr, et al. Molecular predictors of outcome with gefitinib in a phase III Placebocontrolled study in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5034-5042. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.3958
  25. Lee JS, Park K, Kim SW, Lee DH, Kim HT, Han JY. A randomized phase III study of gefitinib versus standard chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) as a first-line treatment for neversmokers with advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. In: The 13th World Conference on Lung Cancer 2009.
  26. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatinpaclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:947-957. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810699
  27. Lee YJ, Shim HS, Kang YA, et al. Dose effect of cigarette smoking on frequency and spectrum of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in Korean patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010;136:1937-1944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-010-0853-4
  28. Maemondo M, Inoue A, Kobayashi K, et al. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2380-2388. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909530
  29. Fukuoka M, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS). J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2866-2874. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.33.4235
  30. Mitsudomi T, Morita S, Yatabe Y, et al. Gefitinib versus cisplatin plus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (WJTOG3405): an open label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70364-X
  31. Yasuda H, Kobayashi S, Costa DB. EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: preclinical data and clinical implications. Lancet Oncol 2011, Lancet Oncol 2011 July 18 [Epub], http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70129-2.
  32. Pao W, Chmielecki J. Rational, biologically based treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10:760-774. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2947
  33. Sasaki H, Endo K, Takada M, et al. EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation in Japanese lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007;58:324-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.06.024
  34. Wu JY, Wu SG, Yang CH, et al. Lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 mutations is associated with poor gefitinib treatment response. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:4877-4882. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5123
  35. Hotta K, Kiura K, Toyooka S, et al. Clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations on treatment outcome after first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2:632-637. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e318074bc0d
  36. Lin CC, Hsu HH, Sun CT, et al. Chemotherapy response in East Asian non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring wild-type or activating mutation of epidermal growth factor receptors. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:1424-1429. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181e9db73
  37. Tsao MS, Sakurada A, Ding K, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain mutation status and gene copy number for adjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:139-147. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181fd83a4
  38. Morita S, Okamoto I, Kobayashi K, et al. Combined survival analysis of prospective clinical trials of gefitinib for non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15: 4493-4498. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0391
  39. Jackman DM, Miller VA, Cioffredi LA, et al. Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS mutations on clinical outcomes in previously untreated non-small cell lung cancer patients: results of an online tumor registry of clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:5267-5273. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0888
  40. Yang CH, Yu CJ, Shih JY, et al. Specific EGFR mutations predict treatment outcome of stage IIIB/IV patients with chemotherapynaive non-small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line gefitinib monotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2745-2753. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.6695
  41. Wu JY, Shih JY, Chen KY, Yang CH, Yu CJ, Yang PC. Gefitinib therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with or without testing for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;90:159-167. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0b013e31821a16f4
  42. Wu YL, Zhong WZ, Li LY, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and their correlation with gefitinib therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis based on updated individual patient data from six medical centers in mainland China. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:430-439. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JTO.0000268677.87496.4c
  43. Hoshi K, Takakura H, Mitani Y, et al. Rapid detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer by the SMart-Amplification Process. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:4974- 4983. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0509
  44. Pao W, Ladanyi M. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation testing in lung cancer: searching for the ideal method. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:4954-4955. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1387
  45. Molina-Vila MA, Bertran-Alamillo J, Reguart N, et al. A sensitive method for detecting EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer samples with few tumor cells. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3: 1224-1235. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e318189f579
  46. Kimura H, Kasahara K, Kawaishi M, et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in serum as a predictor of the response to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3915-3921. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2324
  47. Tanaka T, Nagai Y, Miyazawa H, et al. Reliability of the peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction clamp-based test for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations integrated into the clinical practice for non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Sci 2007;98:246-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00377.x
  48. Jian G, Songwen Z, Ling Z, et al. Prediction of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in the plasma/pleural effusion to efficacy of gefitinib treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010;136:1341-1347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-010-0785-z
  49. Dufort S, Richard MJ, Lantuejoul S, de Fraipont F. Pyrosequencing, a method approved to detect the two major EGFR mutations for anti EGFR therapy in NSCLC. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011;30:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-57
  50. Chin TM, Anuar D, Soo R, et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor variations by partially denaturing HPLC. Clin Chem 2007;53:62-70.
  51. Kim HJ, Kim WS, Shin KC, et al. Comparative analysis of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated real-time PCR clamping and DNA direct sequencing for EGFR mutation detection. Tuberc Respir Dis 2011;70:21-27. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2011.70.1.21