Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration in Forest and Urban Areas, Korea

우리나라 산림과 도시지역의 이산화질소 농도의 시·공간적 패턴

  • Lee, Seung-Woo (Division of Forest Water and Soil Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Lee, Choong-Hwa (Division of Forest Water and Soil Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute)
  • 이승우 (국립산림과학원 산림수토보전과) ;
  • 이충화 (국립산림과학원 산림수토보전과)
  • Received : 2011.09.08
  • Accepted : 2011.12.06
  • Published : 2011.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) at 65 forest areas were measured every month using passive diffusive samplers from 2002 to 2009 and were compared to those at urban areas in order to investigate the characteristics of temporal and spatial distributions of $NO_2$ from the forest and urban areas. The annually averaged concentrations of $NO_2$ gradually decreased for both areas. The average concentration of $NO_2$ in the forest areas was 8.0 ppb, which was lower than that in the urban areas (i.e., 19.4 ppb) and the ecological standard level of the European Union (i.e., 14.6 ppb). The monthly average of $NO_2$ concentration depicted seasonal variations particularly in the urban areas, showing higher concentration in winter and lower concentration in summer. Strong locality of $NO_2$ concentration distribution illustrates that the locations near the metropolitan areas (e.g., Gyeonggi and Chungnam provinces) had the highest concentration during the measurement period. A significant positive correlation between $NO_x$ emissions and $NO_2$ concentration was observed, suggesting that the magnitude and proximity to sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides would be important controlling factors.

전국 65개 산림지역을 대상으로 확산형 패시브 샘플러를 이용하여 2002년부터 2009년까지 월 단위로 대기 중 이산화질소($NO_2$) 농도를 측정하고 도시지역에서의 결과와 비교함으로써 산림지역에서의 이산화질소농도의 시간적 및 공간적 분포 특성을 규명하였다. 연구기간 동안 산림 내 $NO_2$의 농도는 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 전국 산림의 연평균 농도는 8ppb로 도시지역의 평균값(19.4ppb)과 생태적 기준값(14.6ppb) 보다 낮았다. 계절별로는 $NO_2$의 농도가 산림지역과 도시지역 모두에서 동절기(3.8ppb)에 높고 하절기(2.8ppb)에 낮은 경향을 보였는데, 도시지역이 더 뚜렷한 계절변화를 보였. 지역별로는 다른 지역에 비해 수도권 지역과 인접한 경기와 충남에서 이산화질소의 연평균 농도가 높게 나타났다. 이러한 지역간 이산화질소 농도 차이의 원인을 규명하기 위해 질소산화물 배출량과 이산화질소 농도 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 유의적인 정의 상관성이 나타남에 따라 질소산화물 배출원의 규모와 근접성이 대기 중 이산화질소의 농도를 결정짓는 중요한 인자임을 시사하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Atkins, D. H. F., and D. S. Lee, 1995: Spatial and temporal variation of rural nitrogen dioxide concentrations across the United Kingdom. Atmospheric Environment 29(2), 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00229-E
  2. Carmichael, G. R., D. G. Streets, G. Calor, M. Amann, M. Z. Jacobson, J. Hansen, and H. Ueda, 2002: Changing trends in sulfur emissions in Asia: implications for acid deposition, air pollution and climate. Environmental Science & Technology 36(22), 4707-4713. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011509c
  3. Delgado-Saborit, J. M., and V. Esteve-Cano, 2006: Field Study of Diffusion Collection Rate Coefficients of a $NO_2$ Passive Sampler in a Mediterranean Coastal Area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 120(1), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9065-9
  4. de Vries, W., S. Solberg, M. Dobbertin, H. Sterba, D. Laubhann, M. van Oijen, C. Evans, P. Gundersen, J., Kros, G. W. W. Wamelink, G. J. Reinds, and M. A. Sutton, 2009: The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration by European forests and heathlands. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 1814-1823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.034
  5. EC Directive, 1999: Council directive 99/30/EC, relating the limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. Official Journal of the European Communities L163, 41-60.
  6. Gundersen, P., 1999: Nitrogen status and impacts of nitrogen input in forests - indicators and their possible use in critical load assessment. Presented at Conference on Critical Loads, Copenhagen, November 1999.
  7. Jung, E. S., S. T. Kim, S. K. Kim, S. M. Hong, and H. S. Chung, 2002: Preliminary survey for the design of the air pollution monitoring system in antarctic area. The Institute of Environmental Studies 6, 61-72.
  8. Kim, S. D., and C. K. Bong, 1998: A study on distribution of $NO_2$ concentration using the passive sampler in Seoul. The Journal of Urban Sciences 24(1), 159-164.
  9. Kim, S. T., S. G. Kim, H. M. Kim, and E. S. Jung, 2001: Air Quality Assessment of Industrial Complex Using Passive Sampler. The Institute of Environmental Studies 5, 67-81.
  10. Korea forest research institute, 2003: Air pollution and forest ecosystem changes by monitoring. Research Materials 204. 259pp.
  11. Kurita, N., N. Iwamoto, T. Yamada, S. Takezaki, N. Maeda, M. Kotajima, 2006: Measurement of nitrogen dioxide in and around experimental station at Tanashi, The University Forests, The university of Tokyo -Effect of urban forest to nitrogen dioxide concentration-. Miscellaneous Information- Tokyo University Forests 45, 1-27.
  12. Lee, S. W., C. H. Lee, D. H. Ji, and H. J. Youn, 2010: Temporal and spatial distribution of ambient sulfur dioxide concentration in forest areas, Korea. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 43(6), 1035-1039.
  13. Lu, X., J. Mo, and S. Dong, 2008: Effects of nitrogen deposition on forest biodiversity. Acta Ecological Sinica 28(11), 5532-5548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(09)60012-3
  14. National Institute of Environmental Research, 2002-2009: Annual Report of Ambient Air Quality in Korea. Ministry of Environment.
  15. Nishikawa, Y., and A. Kannari, 2010: Atmospheric concentration of ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, and sulfur dioxide by passive method within Osaka prefecture and their emission inventory. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 215(1), 229-237.
  16. Percy, K. E., and M. Ferretti, 2004: Air pollution and forest health: toward new monitoring concepts. Environmental Pollution 130, 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.10.034
  17. Reddy, M. S., and C. Venkataraman, 2002: Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India:IFossil fuel combustion. Atmospheric Environment 36(4), 677-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00463-0
  18. Roger, M. C., 2003: The use of passive sampling to monitor forest exposure to $O_3$, $NO_2$ and $SO_2$: a review and some case studies. Environmental Pollution 126(3), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00243-4
  19. Sakugawa, H., T. Yuhara, and T. Hirakawa, 2004: Behavior and sources of atmospheric ozone, Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in Yakushima, Japan. Science Reports 30, 73-85.
  20. Sanz, M. J., V. Calatayud, and G. Sanchez-Pena, 2007: Measures of ozone concentrations using passive sampling in forests of South Western Europe. Environmental Pollution 145(3), 620-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.02.031
  21. Shan, Y., 2000: Phenological disorder induced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition: Original causes of Pine forest decline over Japan. Part II. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 117, 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134726849
  22. Smith, W. H., 1990: Air pollution and forests. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 117-290.
  23. Song, Y. B., 2005: A study on correlations between distribution of sulfur dioxide concentration and soil environments by using passive samplers. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 27(10), 1025-1029.
  24. Tolunay, D., 2003: Air pollution effects on annual ring widths of forest trees in mountainous land of Izmir (Turkey). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution:Focus 3, 227-242.
  25. Varshney, C., and A. Singh, 2003: Passive samplers for NOx monitoring: A critical review, Environmentalist 23(2), 127-136. DOI: 10.1023/A:1024883620408.
  26. Wallace, Z. P., G. M. Lovett, J. E. Hart, and B. Machona, 2007: Effects of nitrogen saturation on tree growth and death in a mixed-oak forest. Forest ecology and management 243, 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.015
  27. Yamada, E., D. Yoshida, L. C. Hu, and T. Yamada, 1996: A simple measurement method of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in mountains using passive samplers. Bunseki Kagaku 45(12), 1083-1088. https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.45.1083
  28. Yim, B. B., S. T. Kim, J. H. Jung, and B. J. Lee, 2007: Air Quality Monitoring in Daejeon City with Long-Term $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ Passive Diffusive Samplers. Journal of the Environmental Sciences 16(2), 187-195. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2007.16.2.187
  29. Zhang, L., R. Vet, and D.V. Michelangeli, 2006: Numerical investigation of gas scavenging by weak precipitation. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 54, 203-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-005-9010-x
  30. Zheng, X. H., C. Fu, X. Xu, X. Yan, Y. Huang, S. Han, and G. Chen, 2002: The Asian nitrogen cycle case study. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 31(2), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.79