Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (한국산업보건학회지)

Korean Industrial Hygiene Association (한국산업보건학회)
권호 표지

Exposure Assessment for Airborne Biological Agents in Sawmills

제재업의 생물학적인자 노출실태 평가

  • Park, Hae-Dong (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA) ;
  • Park, Hyun-Hee (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA) ;
  • Lee, In-Seop (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA)
  • 박해동 (한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원) ;
  • 박현희 (한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원) ;
  • 이인섭 (한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원)
  • Received : 2010.06.23
  • Accepted : 2010.11.05
  • Published : 2010.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objectives of this study are (a) to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of biological agents in sawmill industries and (b) to compare sampling methods of biological agents. The representative processes of 5 sawmills were selected to measure total airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin as well as dust. Airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with one stage impactor, six stage impactor and gelatin filteration methods. Endotoxin was collected with polycarbonate filters and analysed by kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxin and dust were 1,864 CFU/$m^3$, 2,252 CFU/$m^3$, 31.5 EU/$m^3$ and 2.4 mg/$m^3$. The ratios of indoor/outdoor concentrations were 3.7 for bacteria, 4.1 for fungi, 3.3 for endotoxin and 9.7 for dust. The respiratory fractions of bacteria were 68.0, 50.9, 49.2 and 45.1% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air. The respiratory fractions of fungi were 78.7, 90.8, 87.5 and 84.8% in band-saw, table-saw, rip-saw process and outdoor air, respectively. There was no significant differences in bacterial concentrations among single stage, six stage impaction and filteration methods. But, fungal concentrations measured with filtration methods were significantly higher than those with impaction methods. Geometric mean levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were higher than the OSHA guideline values of 1,000 CFU/$m^3$. The respiratory fractions of fungi were above 75%. The concentrations of biological agents were significantly different among culture-based sampling methods. In the exposure assessments of biological agents, further studies are needed for the comparisons of diverse sampling methods and the investigations of environmental factors.

Keywords

References

  1. 김기연, 이창래, 김치년, 원종욱, 노재훈 : 종합병원의 실내공기에 분포하는 부유세균과 진균의 입경별 종류와 특성. 한국산업위생학회지, Vol 16(2), 101-109, 2006
  2. 김기연, 노영만, 김윤신, 이철민, 심인숙 : 일반사무실 실내공기 내 부유미생물의 분포 양상, 한국산업위생학회지, Vol 18(1), 11-19, 2008
  3. 김영식 : 일부 분진 작업장에서의 폭로분진의 입경분포와 호흡성 분진 비율, 한국환경과학회지 Vol 1(2), 25-31, 1992
  4. 김윤신, 이은규, 엽무종, 김기영 : 다중이용시설에서의 실내 공기중 미생물 분포에 관한 연구. 한국환경위생학회지, Vol 28(1), 85-92, 2002
  5. 김윤신, 김기영 : 바이오에어로졸의 특성 및 측정방법, Air Cleaning Technology, Vol 20(1), 1-39, 2007
  6. 박동욱, 조경아, 윤충식, 한인영, 박두용 : 유치원 교실에서 공기중 박테리아와 곰팡이 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인. 한국환경보건학회지, Vol 30(5), 440-448, 2004
  7. 박주형 : 실내환경에서 생물학적인자에 대한 노출평가, 한국환경보건학회지, Vol 35(4), 239-248, 2009
  8. 오세욱, 김종혁, 이웅기, 이용식, 정호철 등 : 금속가공유 취급 공정에 있어서의 오일미스트농도, 내독소와 미생물의 평가에 관한 연구. 한국산업위생학회지, Vol 14(1), 41-47, 2004
  9. 윤영노, 김영식 : 일부 석탄광산 기중 부유분진의 입경 분포와 호흡성 분진 비율, 한국산업위생학회지 Vol 1(1), 1991
  10. ACGIH, Bioaerosols assessment and control, 1999
  11. Alwis, K.U., Mandryk, J., Hocking, A.D. : Exposure to biohazards in wood dust - bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, and $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucans, Applied occupational and environmental hygiene. vol 14(9), 598-608, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1080/104732299302404
  12. Dahlqvist M, Jobard U, Alexandersson R, et al. : Lung function and precipitating antibodies in low exposed wood trimmers in Sweden. Am J Ind Med 21:549?-559, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700210410
  13. Dowuwes, J., Thorne, P., Pearce, N., Heederik, D. : Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment - progress and prospects, The Annals of Occupational Hygine, Vol 47, 187-200, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meg032
  14. Dowuwes, J. : $(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\beta}$-D-glucans and respirntory health - a review of the scientific evidence, Indoor Air, Vol 15, 160-169, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00333.x
  15. Duchaine, C., Meriaux, A, Thorne, P.S., : Assessment of particulates and bioaerosols in eastern canactian sawmills, AIHAJ, Vol 61(5), 727-732, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0727:AOPABI>2.0.CO;2
  16. Duchaine, C., Thorne, P.S., Meriaux, A, et al : Comparison of endotoxin exposure assessment by bioaerosol impinger and filter sampling methods, Appl Envi Microbio, Vol 67(6), 2775-2780, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.6.2775-2780.2001
  17. Dutkiewicz, J., Jabionski, L., Olenchock, S.A. : Occupational biohazards - a review, Am J Ind Med Vol 14, 605-623, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700140511
  18. Dutkiewicz, J., Traxzyk, E.K., Prazmo, Z., : Exposure to airborne microorganisms in folish sawmills, Ann Agric Environ Med, Vol(8), 71-80, 2001a
  19. Dutkiewicz, J., Olenchock, S.A., Traxzyk, E.K. : Exposure to airborne microorganisms in fiberbord and chipboard factories, Ann Agric Environ Med, Vol(8), 191-199, 2001b
  20. Eduard W., Sandven P, Levy F. : Exposure and IgG antibodies to mold spores in wood trimmers: exposure?response relationships with respiratory symptoms, Appl Occup Environ Hyg Vol 9, 44-48, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1994.10388263
  21. Macher, J.M. : Positive-hole correction of multiple-jet impactors for collecting viable microorganisms, AIHA Journal, 50(11), 561-568, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1080/15298668991375164
  22. Mandrik, J., Alwis, K.U., Hocking, A.D. : Work-related symptoms and dose response relationships for personal exposures and pulmonary function among woodworkers, Am. J. I. Me., Vol 35, 481-490, 1999
  23. Mandrik, J., Alwis, K.U., Hocking, A.D. : Effects of personal exposures on pulmonary function and work-related symptoms among sawmill workers, Am Occup Hyg, Vol 44(4), 281-289, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4878(99)00099-X
  24. Oppliger, A., Rusca, S., Charriere, N., et al : Assessment of bioaerosols and inhalable dust exposure in swiss sawmills, Am Occup Hyg, Vol 49(5), 385-391, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meh105
  25. Rongo, L.M., Msamanga, G.I., Burstyn, I., et al : Exposure to wood dust and endotoxin in small-scale wood industries in tanzania, J Expo Ana Envi Epid, Vol 14, 544-550, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500375
  26. Rosell, S.E., Abbot, E.G.M., Levy, J.F. : Bacteria and wood - a review of literature relating to the presence, action and interaction of bacteria in wood, J Inst Wood Sci, Vol 6, 28-35, 1973
  27. Rusca, S., Charriere, P., et al : Effects of bioaerosol exposure on work-related symptoms among Swiss sawmill workers, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, Vol 81, 415-421, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0228-6
  28. Suzanne, S., Dick, J.J.H., Peter, S.T., Inge, M.W. : Optimization of Airborne endotoxin exposure assessment : effects of filter type, transport conditions, extraction solutions, and storage of samples and extracts, AEM, Vol 73, No 19, 6134-6143, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00851-07