The number of resident physicians and the mortality rate in a medical intensive care unit

내과계 중환자실 전공의 수와 중환자실 사망률의 관련성

  • Lee, Byoung-Jun (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Lee, Chang-Hoon (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center) ;
  • Kim, Deog-Kyeom (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center) ;
  • Kim, Kyoung-Hee (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Sun (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Park, Tae-Yun (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Chung, Keun-Bum (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Kang, Hyo-Jae (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Jeong, Yun-Jeong (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Choi, Sun-Mi (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Koo, Hyeon-Kyoung (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Kim, Seo-Yun (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Park, Sung-Soo (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Lee, Yeon-Joo (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Lee, Ji-Yeon (Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center) ;
  • Chung, Hee-Soon (Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center)
  • 이병준 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이창훈 (서울대학교병원운영 서울특별시보라매병원 내과) ;
  • 김덕겸 (서울대학교병원운영 서울특별시보라매병원 내과) ;
  • 김경희 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김은선 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 박태연 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 정근범 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 강효재 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 정윤정 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 최선미 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 구현경 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 김서윤 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 박성수 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이연주 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 이지연 (서울대학교 의과대학 내과학교실) ;
  • 정희순 (서울대학교병원운영 서울특별시보라매병원 내과)
  • Received : 2010.05.25
  • Accepted : 2010.05.27
  • Published : 2010.08.01

Abstract

Background/Aims: The treatment outcome of patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) can be influenced by physician factors, including both intensivists and resident physicians. We evaluated the association between the number of residents who are exclusively responsible for the ICU and the mortality rate in a medical ICU. Methods: The data obtained from an open medical ICU in a teaching hospital from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. We evaluated the associations between the ICU mortality rate and both the number of resident physicians and the number of patient-days per resident physician using multivariate Poisson regression analysis adjusted for year and month. Results: The months with fewer than two residents tended to have a higher ICU mortality rate, although this difference was not significant in the univariate analyses. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis showed that months with fewer than two residents had a significantly higher ICU mortality rate compared with months with two residents (incidence risk ratio (IRR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.41; p=0.029). The number of ICU patient-days per resident physician was not associated with the ICU mortality rate (IRR; 1.00, 95% CI, 0.99-1.01; p=0.649). Conclusions: The presence of fewer than two residents exclusively responsible for the medical ICU was an independent risk factor of a higher ICU mortality rate. However, no association was found between the number of ICU patient-days per resident physician and the ICU mortality rate.

목적: 중환자실 환자의 치료 성적에 영향을 주는 의료진에는 전문의인 중환자 전담의사뿐만 아니라 전공의도 포함된다. 따라서 저자들은 내과계 중환자실 전담 전공의의 수와 중환자실 사망률의 관계를 분석하였다. 방법: 2005년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 일개 수련병원의 개방형 내과계 중환자실에서 자료를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 중환자실 전담 전공의가 2명이었던 기간과 2명 미만이었던 기간으로 구분하여 두 기간의 월별 중환자실 사망률을 비교하였다. 또한 연도와 월을 보정하여 전공의 수가 2명 미만인 경우와 전공의 1인당 중환자실 환자-재원일수가 중환자실 사망에 미치는 영향을 포아송 회귀분석을 통해 확인하였다. 결과: 중환자실 전담 전공의가 2명 미만이었던 기간은 전공의가 2명이었던 기간에 비하여 중환자실 사망률이 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적 차이는 없었다. 연도와 달을 보정한 다변수 포아송 회귀분석에서는 전공의가 2명 미만인 것은 전공의가 2명이었던 것에 비하여 중환자실 사망 위험이 유의하게 높았다(incidence risk ratio, IRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.05-2.41; p=0.029). 그러나 전공의 1인당 환자-재원일수는 중환자실 사망과 유의한 관련성이 확인되지 않았다(IRR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.01, p=0.649). 결론: 내과계 중환자실 전공의가 2명 미만인 경우 중환자실 사망 위험이 유의하게 높았다. 반면, 전공의 1인당 중환자실 환자 재원일수는 중환자실 사망 위험과 유의한 관련성이 없었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Brilli RJ, Spevetz A, Branson RD, Campbell GM, Cohen H, Dasta JF, Harvey MA, Kelley MA, Kelly KM, Rudis MI, St Andre AC, Stone JR, Teres D, Weled BJ. Critical care delivery in the intensive care unit: defining clinical roles and the best practice model. Crit Care Med 29:2007-2019, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200110000-00026
  2. Manthous CA, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, al-Kharrat T, Jacob B, Alnuaimat, HM, Chatila W, Hall JB. Effects of a medical intensivist on patient care in a community teaching hospital. Mayo Clin Proc 72:391-399, 1997 https://doi.org/10.4065/72.5.391
  3. Pronovost PJ, Jenckes MW, Dorman T, Breslow MJ, Rosenfeld BA, Lipsett PA, Bass E. Organizational characteristics of intensive care units related to outcomes of abdominal aortic surgery. JAMA 281:1310-1317, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.14.1310
  4. Pronovost PJ, Angus DC, Dorman T, Robinson KA, Dremsizov TT, Young TL. Physician staffing patterns and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a systematic review. JAMA 288:2151-2162, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.17.2151
  5. Levy MM, Rapoport J, Lemeshow S, Chalfin DB, Phillips G, Danis M. Association between critical care physician management and patient mortality in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 148:801-809, 2008 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-11-200806030-00002
  6. Hawari FI, Al Najjar TI, Zaru L, Al Fayoumee W, Salah SH, Mukhaimar MZ. The effect of implementing high-intensity intensive care unit staffing model on outcome of critically ill oncology patients. Crit Care Med 37:1967-1971, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a0077c
  7. Amaravadi RK, Dimick JB, Pronovost PJ, Lipsett PA. ICU nurse-to-patient ratio is associated with complications and resource use after esophagectomy. Intensive Care Med 26:1857-1862, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001340000720
  8. Tarnow-Mordi WO, Hau C, Warden A, Shearer AJ. Hospital mortality in relation to staff workload: a 4-year study in an adult intensive- care unit. Lancet 356:185-189, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02478-8
  9. Pronovost PJ, Dang D, Dorman T, Lipsett PA, Garret E, Jenches M, Bass EB. Intensive care unit nurse staffing and the risk for complications after abdominal aortic surgery. Eff Clin Pract 4:199-206, 2001
  10. Thorens JB, Kaelin RM, Jolliet P, Chevrolet JC. Influence of the quality of nursing on the duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med 23:1807-1815, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199511000-00004
  11. Finkielman JD, Morales J, Peters SG, Keegan MT, Ensminger SA, Lymp JF, Afessa B. Mortality rate and length of stay of patients admitted to the intensive care unit in July. Crit Care Med 32:1161-1165, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000126151.56590.99
  12. Lee MT, Hu P, Hsi SC, Liu KY, Chao HM, Chen YQ. Mortality rates under the care of junior and senior surgery residents in a surgical intensive care unit/neurologic intensive care unit: a 5-year retrospective cohort study at Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital. J Crit Care 23:550-555, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.03.039
  13. Ensminger SA, Morales IJ, Peters SG, Keegan MT, Finkielman JD, Lymp JF, Afessa B. The hospital mortality of patients admitted to the ICU on weekends. Chest 126:1292-1298, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.126.4.1292
  14. Morales IJ, Peters SG, Afessa B. Hospital mortality rate and length of stay in patients admitted at night to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 31:858-863, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000055378.31408.26
  15. Carson SS, Stocking C, Podsadecki T, Christenson J, Pohlman A, MacRae S, Jordan J, Humphrey H, Siegler M, Hall J. Effects of organizational change in the medical intensive care unit of a teaching hospital: a comparison of 'open' and 'closed' formats. JAMA 276:322-328, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.276.4.322
  16. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 13:818-829, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198510000-00009
  17. Le Gall JR, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. JAMA 270:2957-2963, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.270.24.2957
  18. 신태림, 천선희, 장중현. 내과계 중환자실 패혈증 환자의 예후 예측인자 비교분석. 대한내과학회지 55:11-20, 1998
  19. Dara SI, Afessa B. Intensivist-to-bed ratio: association with outcomes in the medical ICU. Chest 128:567-572, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.2.567
  20. Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH. Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA 288:1987-1993, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.1987
  21. Rich EC, Gifford G, Luxenberg M, Dowd B. The relationship of house staff experience to the cost and quality of inpatient care. JAMA 263:953-957, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.263.7.953
  22. Billington EO, Zygun DA, Stelfox HT, Peets AD. Intensivists' base specialty of training is associated with variations in mortality and practice patterns. Crit Care 13:R209, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8227
  23. Cole L, Bellomo R, Silvester W, Reeves JH. A prospective, multicenter study of the epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure in a "closed" ICU system. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:191-196, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907016
  24. Reynolds HN, Haupt MT, Thillbaharozian MC, Carlson RW. Impact of critical care physician staffingon patients with septic shock in a university hospital medical intensive care unit. JAMA 260:3446-3450, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.23.3446
  25. 중환자의학회. 중환자의학회백서 제 1호 2009 국내 중환자실 현황조사보고서. p. 27, 2010
  26. Buchwald D, Komaroff AL, Cook EF, Epstein AM. Indirect costs for medical education: is there a July phenomenon? Arch Intern Med 149:765-768, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.149.4.765
  27. Barry WA, Rosenthal GE. Is there a July phenomenon?: the effect of July admission on intensive care mortality and length of stay in teaching hospitals. J Gen Intern Med 18:639-645, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20605.x
  28. Hillson SD, Rich EC, Dowd B, Luxenberg MG. Call nights and patients care: effects on inpatients at one teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med 7:405-410, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02599156
  29. Giraud T, Dhainaut JF, Vaxelaire JF, Joseph T, Journois D, Bleichner G, Sollet JP, Chevret S, Monsallier JF. Iatrogenic complications in adult intensive care units: a prospective two-center study. Crit Care Med 21:40-51, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199301000-00011
  30. Jacques CH, Lynch JC, Samkoff JS. The effects of sleep loss on cognitive performance of resident physicians. J Fam Pract 30:223-229, 1990
  31. Weinger MB, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep deprivation and clinical performance. JAMA 287:955-957, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.8.955
  32. Camire E, Moyen E, Stelfox HT. Medication errors in critical care: risk factors, prevention and disclosure. CMAJ 180:936-943, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080869