DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Changes in Concentration Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Associated with Airborne Particulate Matter in Downtown Tokyo after Introducing Government Diesel Vehicle Controls

  • Kojima, Yuki (Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University) ;
  • Inazu, Koji (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Numazu National College of Technology) ;
  • Hisamatsu, Yoshiharu (Field Science Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology) ;
  • Okochi, Hiroshi (Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University) ;
  • Baba, Toshihide (Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology) ;
  • Nagoya, Toshio (Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University)
  • Received : 2009.06.06
  • Accepted : 2009.08.07
  • Published : 2010.06.30

Abstract

The effectiveness of the government regulation on tail-pipe emission for diesel vehicles issued in 2003 in Tokyo was evaluated in this study. Variations in annual average concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter were investigated in connection with the variation in airborne elemental carbon (EC) concentration in downtown Tokyo, Japan in 2006-2007 and in 1997-1998. The annual average concentrations of EC, seven different PAHs, and 1-nitropyrene were found to have decreased significantly from 1997-1998 to 2006-2007. The most prominent decrease in atmospheric concentration was observed for 1-nitropyrene, which is a representative nitro-PAH originating from diesel vehicles. This indicated that the government control has worked to considerably reduce both atmospheric mutagens and airborne particulate matter. In contrast, the concentrations of two nitro-PAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, remained the same. These nitro-PAHs are known to be formed by atmospheric nitration of their parent PAHs, and this result suggested factors other than the concentration of parent PAHs and $NO_2$ affects the degree of atmospheric formation of nitro-PAHs.

Keywords

References

  1. Arey, J., Zielinska, B., Atkinson, R., Winer, A.M., Ramdahl, T., Pitts, J.N. Jr. (1986) The formation of nitro- PAH from the gas-phase reactions of fluoranthene and pyrene with the OH radical in the presence of $NO_x$. Atmospheric Environment 20, 2339-2345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90064-8
  2. Bamford, H.A., Baker, J.E. (2003) Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and sources in urban and suburban atmospheres of the mid-Atlantic region. Atmospheric Environment 37, 2077-2091. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00102-X
  3. Carreras-Sospedra, M., Griffin, R.J., Dabdub, D. (2005) Calculations of incremental secondary organic aerosol reactivity. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 1724-1730. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0495359
  4. Eatough, D.J., Long, R.W., Modey, W.K., Eatough, N.L. (2003) Semivolatile secondary organic aerosol in urban atmospheres: Meeting a measurement challenge. Atmospheric Environment 37, 1277-1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01020-8
  5. Enya, T., Suzuki, H., Watanabe, T., Hirayama, T., Hisamatsu, Y. (1997) 3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a powerful bacterial mutagen and suspected human carcinogen found in diesel exhaust and airborne particulates. Environmental Science and Technology 31, 2772-2776. https://doi.org/10.1021/es961067i
  6. Feilberg, A., Poulsen, M.W.B., Nielsen, T., Skov, H. (2001) Occurrence and sources of particulate nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Denmark. Atmospheric Environment 35, 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00142-4
  7. Hayakawa, K., Tang, N., Akutsu, K., Murahashi, T., Kakimoto, H., Kizu, R., Toriba, A. (2002) Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates collected in downtown and suburban Kanazawa, Japan. Atmospheric Environment 36, 5535-5541. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00252-2
  8. Hayakawa, K., Murahashi, T., Butoh, M., Miyazaki, M. (1995) Determination of 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-dinitropyrenes and 1-nitropyrene in urban air by high-performance liquid chromatography using chemiluminescence detection, Environmental Science and Technology 29, 928-932. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00004a012
  9. Ishi, S., Hisamatsu, Y., Inazu, K., Aika, K. (2001) Environmental occurrence of nitrotriphenylene observed in airborne particulate matter. Chemosphere 44, 681-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00516-6
  10. Kakimoto, H., Matsumoto, Y., Sakai, S., Kanoh, F., Arashidani, K., Tang, N., Akutsu, K., Nakajima, A., Awata, Y., Toriba, A., Kizu, R., Hayakawa, K. (2002) Comparison of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrialized city (Kitakyushu) and two commercial cities (Sapporo and Tokyo). Journal of Health Science 48, 370-375. https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.48.370
  11. Kameda, T., Inazu, K., Bandow, H., Sanukida, S., Maeda, Y. (2004a) Diurnal change of direct-acting mutagenicity of soluble organic fraction of airborne particles collected at southern Osaka: Correlation between the mutagenicity, particle-associated nitroarenes, and gaseous emission. Atmospheric Environment 38, 1903-1912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.007
  12. Kameda, T., Takenaka, N., Bandow, H., Inazu, K., Hisamatsu, Y. (2004b) Determination of atmospheric nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors at heavy traffic roadside and at a residential area in Osaka, Japan. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 24, 657-666. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406630490471708
  13. Mastral, A.M., Callen, M.S. (2000) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 3051-3057. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001028d
  14. Murahashi, T., Hayakawa, K. (1997) A sensitive method for the determination of 6-nitrochrysene, 2-nitrofuoranthene and 1-, 2- and 4-nitropyrenes in airborne particulates using high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 343, 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(96)00632-0
  15. Murahashi, T., Miyazaki, M., Kakizawa, R., Yamagishi, Y., Kitamura, M., Hayakawa, K. (1995) Diurnal concentrations of 1,3-,1, 6-,1,8-dinitropyrenes, 1-nitropyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in air in downtown Kanazawa and the contribution of diesel-engine vehicles. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 41, 328-333. https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.41.328
  16. Nisbet, I.C.T., LaGoy, P.K. (1992) Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 16, 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X
  17. Ohara, T., Sakata, T. (2003) Long-term observation of photochemical oxidants over Japan. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 38, 47-54.
  18. Phousongphouang, P.T., Arey, J. (2003) Soures of the atmospheric contaminants, 2-nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Atmospheric Environment 37, 3189-3199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00344-3
  19. Pitts, J.N. Jr., Cauwenberghe, K.A.V., Schmid, J.P., Belser, W.L., Knudson, G.P., Hynds, P.M. (1978) Atmospheric reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Facile formation of mutagenic nitro derivatives. Science 202, 515-519. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.705341
  20. Rosenkranz, H.S., Mermelstein, R. (1983) Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of nitroarenes. All nitro-containing chemicals were not created equal. Mutation Research 114, 217-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1110(83)90034-9
  21. Schuetzle, D. (1983) Sampling of vehicle emissions for chemical analysis and biological testing. Environmental Health Perspectives 47, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.834765
  22. Tang, N., Hattori, T., Taga, R., Igarashi, K., Yang, X., Tamura, K., Kakimoto, H., Mishukov, V.F., Toriba, A., Kizu, R., Hayakawa, K. (2005) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan-Japan Sea Countries. Atmospheric Environment 39, 5817-5826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.018
  23. Tanner, R.L., Gaffney, J.S., Phillips, M.F. (1982) Determination of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric aerosol samples by thermal evolution. Analytical chemistry 54, 1627-1630. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00246a036
  24. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Environmental White Paper 2006, http://www2.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/kouhou/env/eng/index.html.
  25. Yokota, H. (2007) Study on methods to reduce exhaust gases from heavy-duty diesel vehicles in use. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 42, 1-15.
  26. Zielinska, B., Arey, J., Atkinson, R., Ramdahl, T., Winer, A.M., Pitts, J.N. Jr. (1986) Reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide with fluoranthene. Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, 4126-4132. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00274a045

Cited by

  1. Indoor air quality assessment in child care and medical facilities in Korea vol.184, pp.10, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2428-5
  2. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review vol.42, pp.24, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60147a
  3. Review on the Concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene in the Indian Environment Since 1983 vol.37, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2016.1140658
  4. Long-term changes in PM10 levels in urban air in relation with air quality control efforts vol.45, pp.19, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.033
  5. Gas–particle concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an urban and a residential site in Osaka, Japan: Effect of the formation of atmospherically stable layer on their t vol.192, pp.3, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.046
  6. Monitoring of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds in two major traffic tunnels in Seoul, Korea vol.33, pp.16, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2012.655316
  7. Simultaneous Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Nitro-derivatives in Airborne Particulates by Using Two-dimensional High-performance Liquid Chromatography with On-line Reducti vol.11, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2017.11.4.283
  8. Long-Term and Seasonal Changes in Sources of Urban Atmospheric Particulates in the Western Pacific vol.12, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042149