Effects of Bupleuri radix Extract on Axon Regrowth in the Injured Sciatic Nerve of Rats

흰쥐의 좌골신경축삭 압좌 손상 후 시호(柴胡) 추출물에 의한 재생반응성 개선효과

  • Kang, Jun-Hyuk (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University) ;
  • Oh, Min-Seok (Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University)
  • 강준혁 (대전대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실) ;
  • 오민석 (대전대학교 한의과대학 한방재활의학과교실)
  • Received : 2009.08.06
  • Accepted : 2009.09.09
  • Published : 2010.01.30

Abstract

Objectives: The present study was performed to evaluate the potential effects of Bupleuri radix (SH) on regenerative activities in the peripheral sciatic nerve after crushing injury in rats. Methods: Axonal regeneration after crush injury in rats was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining using anti-NF-200 antibody and retrograde tracing of DiI-axons. Changes in protein levels in the sciatic nerve axons and DRG tissue were analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Effects of SH extract treatment on neurite outgrowth was examined by immunofluorescence staining for cultured DRG neurons. Results: Major findings on the effects of SH extract treatment on axonal regeneration are summarized as follows. 1. SH-mediated enhancement in axonal regeneration was identified by immuno- fluorescence straining of NF-200 protein and retrograde tracing of DiI-labeled axons. 2. Axonal GAP-43 protein levels were upregulated by SH not only in the injured axons but also in the DRG sensory neurons corresponding to sciatic sensory axons. 3. Phospho-Erk1/2 protein levels were increased in both injured axonal area and DRG sensory neurons by SH. Phospho-Erk1/2 was also found in non-neuronal cells in the injured axons. 4. SH elevated levels of Cdc2 protein produced in Schwann cells in the distal portions of injured sciatic nerves. 5. The neurite outgrowth of DRG sensory neurons in culture was augmented by SH, and these changes were positively associated with GAP-43 production levels in the DRG neurons. Conclusions: These data suggest that SH extract improves the regenerative responses of injured peripheral neurons, and thus may be useful for understanding molecular basis for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Keywords

References

  1. Fawcett JW, Keynes RJ. Peripheral nerve regeneration. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990; 13:43-60. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000355
  2. Ide C. Peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurosci, Res. 1996;25:101-21.
  3. Al-Majed AA, Neumann CM, Brushart TM, Gordon T. Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J Neurosci. 2000;1:20(7):2602-8.
  4. 대한침구학회 교재편찬위원회. The Acupuncture and Moxibustion 下. 서울:집문당. 2008:176-8.
  5. Strittmatter SM, Fankhauser C, Huang PL, Mashimo H, Fishman MC. Neuronal pathfinding is abnormal in mice lacking the neuronal growth cone protein GAP-43. Cell. 1995;10:80(3):445-52.
  6. Aigner L, Arber S, Kapfhammer JP, Laux T, Schneider C, Botteri F, et al. Overexpression of the neural growth-associated protein GAP-43 induces nerve sprouting in the adult nervous system of transgenic mice. Cell. 1995;83(2):269-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(95)90168-X
  7. Cheung ZH, So KF, Lu Q, Yip HK, Wu W, Shan JJ, et al. Enhanced survival and regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells by a mixture of herbal extracts. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:369-78. https://doi.org/10.1089/089771502753594936
  8. Liao B, Newmark H, Zhou R. Neuroprotective effects of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Exp Neurol. 2002;173(2):224-34. https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2001.7841
  9. Chen YS, Wu CH, Yao CH, Chen CT. Ginsenoside Rb1 enhances peripheral nerve regeneration across wide gaps in silicone rubber chambers. Int J Artif Organs. 2002;25:1103-8.
  10. Xu H, Jiang B, Zhang D, Fu Z, Zhang H. Compound injection of radix Hedysari to promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. Chin J Traumatol. 2002;5:107-11.
  11. Jo HK. The promoting effects of oriental medicinal drugs on sciatic nerve regeneration. Graduate School of Daejeon University. 2005.
  12. Seo TB, Han IS, Yoon JH, Seol IC, Kim YS, Jo HK, et al. Growth-promoting activity of Hominis Placenta extract on regenerating sciatic nerve. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006;27(1):50-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00252.x
  13. Lee DR, Kim YS. The effect of Ramulus Mori Aqua-acupuncture on the regeneration at the crush-induced sciatic nerve of the rats. The J of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 1998;15(1):333-42.
  14. Hong SS, Oh MS. Improved axonal regeneration reponses in the injured sciatic nerve of rats by danggui treatment. J Korean Oriental Med. 2008;29(2):133-50.
  15. Han YS, Oh MS. The role of glial cells in regenerative responses of the injured corticospinal tract axons in rats treated by Cindii Rhizoma. J Oriental Rehab Med. 2008;18(3):19-39.
  16. Cheng YS, Cheng WC, Yao CH, Hsieh CL, Lin JG, Lai TY, et al. Effects of buyang huanwu decoction on peripheral nerve regeneration using silicone rubber chambers. Am J Chin Med. 2001;29:423-32. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X01000447
  17. Lee SG. The effects of Dokhwalgisaeng-tang and Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture on pain control and nerve regeneration in the crush-induced sciatic nerve injury of the rats. Graduate School of Wonkwang University. 2008.
  18. Kim JH. Facilitated axonal regeneration of injured sciatic nerves by Yukmijihwang-tang treatment. Graduate School of Daejeon University. 2008.
  19. Song JS, Na C, Shin BC, Lee SK, Kwon YD, Song YS. Effects of Dokwal-tang and Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture on pain control and nerve regeneration after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve. J Oriental Rehab Med. 2008;18(2):61-79.
  20. 李時珍. 本草綱目. 北京:人民衛生出版社. 1982: 786-8.
  21. 전국한의과대학 본초학교수 공편저. 本草學. 서울:도서출판 영림사. 2000:149-50.
  22. Kim SM, Wang WH, Park JH. Effect of Bupleuri Radix on rat hepatic MAO by common bile duct ligation and taurocholate load after common bile duct ligation. Korean J Orient Int Med. 2000;21(2):275-81.
  23. Kok LD, Wong CK, Leung KN, Tsang SF, Fung KP, Choy YM. Activation of the antitumor effector cells by Radix Bupleuri. Immunopharmacology. 1995;30(1):79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3109(95)00010-Q
  24. Liu Y, Wu H, Ge F. Chemical constituents analysis on anticonvulsive effect of three extracts from radix bupleuri. Zhong Tao Cai. 2002;25(9) :635-7.
  25. Sugiyama K, Muteki T, Kano T. The Japanese herbal medicine 'saiko-keishi-to' activates GABAA receptors of rat sensory neurons in culture. Neurosci Lett. 1996;216(3):147-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)13000-7
  26. Choi SY, Jeong SH, Shin GC, Moon IS, Lee WC. Protective effect of Bupuleuri Radix on hypoxia reperfusion induced by PC12 cell damage and global ischemia in Gerbil. J Korean Oriental Med. 2002;23(4):113-24.
  27. Shin KS, Lee WC. A study of neuroprotective effect of Bupleuri Radix on hippocampal neurons. J Orient Int Med. 2004;25(4):227-42.
  28. Banker G, Goslin K. Culturing nerve cells. 2nd edition. U.S.A.:MIT Press. 2002.
  29. Chen LE, Seaber AV, Wong GH, Urbaniak JR. Tumor necrosis factor promote motorfunctional recovery in crushed peripheral nerve. Neurochemistry International. 1996;29(2):197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(95)00121-2
  30. 한방재활의학과학회. 한방재활의학과학. 서울:군자출판사. 2003:79.
  31. 王筠.. 神農本草經校證. 北京:吉林科學技術出版社. 1988:165.
  32. 曹元宇. 本草經. 上海:上海科學技術出版社. 1987:84-6.
  33. 김호철. 한약약리학. 서울:집문당. 2001:94-7.
  34. Izumi S, Ohno N, Kawakita T, Nomoto K, Yadomae T. Wide range of molecular weight distribution of mitogenic substance(s) in the hot water extract of a Chinese herbal medicine. Bupleurum chinense. Biol Pharm Bull. 1997;20 (7):759-64. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.20.759
  35. Jung DW, Sung CK. Production of antibody against saikosaponin a, an active component of Bupleuri Radix. Arch Pharm Res. 1998;21(2): 135-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02974017
  36. Park SI, Oh KH, Hwang JW, Ryu DK, Han CH, Chung SH, et al. Effect of Bupleuri Radix on c-Fos and c-Jun Expression in ischemic damaged hippocampus of the aged BCAO rats. J Orient Int Med. 2005;26(3):533-42.
  37. Waller A. Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibers. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., London(Biol.). 1850;140:423-9. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1850.0021
  38. Seo TB, Han IS, Yoon JH, Hong KE, Yoon SJ, Namgung U. Involvement of Cdc2 in axonal regeneration enhanced by exercise training in rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(7):1267-76. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000227311.00976.68
  39. Skene JH. Axonal growth-associated proteins. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1989;12:127-56. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.001015
  40. Benowitz LI, Routtenberg A. GAP-43: an intrinsic determinant of neuronal development and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 1997;20(2):84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10072-2
  41. Meberg PJ, Gall CM, Routtenberg A. Induction of F1/GAP-43 gene expression in hippocampal granule cells after seizures [corrected]Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1993 Mar;17(3-4):295-9. Erratum in: Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1993;19(1-2):179.
  42. McNamara RK, Routtenberg A. NMDA receptor blockade prevents kainate induction of protein F1/GAP-43 mRNA in hippocampal granule cells and subsequent mossy fiber sprouting in the rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1995;33(1):22-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(95)00083-5
  43. Bomze HM, Bulsara KR, Iskandar BJ, Caroni P, Skene JH. Spinal axon regeneration evoked by replacing two growth cone proteins in adult neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4(1):38-43. https://doi.org/10.1038/82881
  44. Gispen WH, Boonstra J, De Graan PNE, Jennekens FGl, Oestreicher AB, Schotman P, et al. B-50/GAP-43 in neuronal development and repair. Restorat. Neurol. Neurosci. 1990;1:237-44.
  45. Alexander KA, Wakim BT, Doyle GS, Walsh KA, Storm DR. Identification and characterization of the calmodulin-binding domain of neuromodulin, a neurospecific calmodulin-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(16):7544-9.
  46. Curtis R, Stewart HJ, Hall SM, Wilkin GP, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. GAP-43 is expressed by nonmyelinforming Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. J Cell Biol. 1992;116(6):1455-64. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.116.6.1455
  47. Davis RJ. Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. Cell. 2000;103(2):239-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00116-1
  48. Boulton TG, Nye SH, Robbins DJ, Ip NY, Radziejewska E, Morgenbesser SD, et al. ERKs: a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF. Cell. 1991;17:65 (4):663-75.
  49. Grewal SS, York RD, Stork PJ. Extracellularsignal- regulated kinase signalling in neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999;9(5):544-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00010-0
  50. Segal RA, Greenberg ME. Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1996;19:463-89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.002335
  51. Cavanaugh JE, Ham J, Hetman M, Poser S, Yan C, Xia Z. Differential regulation of mitogenactivated protein kinases ERK1/2 and ERK5 by neurotrophins, neuronal activity, and cAMP in neurons. J Neurosci. 2001;15:21(2):434-43.
  52. Martin KC, Kandel ER. Cell adhesion molecules, CREB, and the formation of new synaptic connections. Neuron. 1996;17(4):567-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80188-9
  53. Han IS, Seo TB, Kim KH, Yoon JH, Yoon SJ, Namgung U. Cdc2-mediated Schwann cell migration during peripheral nerve regeneration. J Cell Sci. 2007;15;120(Pt 2):246-55.
  54. Doree M, Galas S. The cyclin-dependent protein kinases and the control of cell division. FASEB J. 1994;8(14):1114-21.
  55. Doree M, Hunt T. From Cdc2 to Cdk1: when did the cell cycle kinase join its cyclin partner?. J Cell Sci. 2002;15:115(Pt 12):2461-4.
  56. Pines J. Four-dimensional control of the cell cycle. Nat Cell Biol. 1999;1:E73-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/11041
  57. Roskoski R Jr. Src kinase regulation by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;27:331(1):1-14.
  58. Konishi Y, Lehtinen M, Donovan N, Bonni A. Cdc2 phosphorylation of BAD links the cell cycle to the cell death machinery. Mol Cell. 2002;9(5):1005-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00524-5
  59. Konishi Y, Bonni A. The E2F-Cdc2 cell-cycle pathway specifically mediates activity deprivationinduced apoptosis of postmitotic neurons. J Neurosci. 2003;1;23(5):1649-58.
  60. Tikoo R, Zanazzi G, Shiffman D, Salzer J, Chao MV. Cell cycle control of Schwann cell proliferation: role of cyclin-dependent kinase-2. J Neurosci. 2000;15;20(12):4627-340.
  61. Smith DS, Skene JH. A transcription-dependent switch controls competence of adult neurons for distinct modes of axon growth. J Neurosci. 1997;17(2):646-58.
  62. Richardson PM, Issa VM. Peripheral injury enhances central regeneration of primary sensory neurones. Nature. 1984;309:791-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/309791a0
  63. Liu RY, Snider WD. Different signaling pathways mediate regenerative versus developmental sensory axon growth. J Neurosci. 2001;1:21(17):RC164.