References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press;1994.
- Hazen AL, Stein MB. Social phobia: clinical and research perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press;1995. p.19.
- Stein MB, Kean YM. Disability and quality of life in social phobia: epidemiologic findings. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1606-1613 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1606
- Stein MB. An epidemiologic perspective on social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:3-8. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.0706e03
- Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
- McTeague LM, Lang PJ, Laplante MC, Cuthbert BN, Strauss CC, Bradley MM. Fearful imagery in social phobia:generalization, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.023
- Stein MB, Asmundson GJ, Chartier M. Autonomic responsivity in generalized social phobia. J Affect Disord 1994;31:211-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(94)90031-0
- Papp LA, Gorman JM, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Cohen B, Klein DF. Epinephrine infusions in patients with social phobia. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:733-736. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.6.733
- Stein MB, Tancer ME, Uhde TW. Heart rate and plasma norepinephrine responsivity to orthostatic challenge in anxiety disorders. Comparison of patients with panic disorder and social phobia and normal control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:311-317. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.49.4.311
- Higham PD, Campbell RW. QT dispersion. Br Heart J 1994;71:508-510. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.71.6.508
- Nakagawa M, Takahashi N, Iwao T, Yonemochi H, Ooie T, Hara M, et al. Evaluation of autonomic influences on QT dispersion using the head-up tilt test in healthy subjects. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999;22:1158-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1999.tb00595.x
- Savelieva I, Yap YG, Yi G , Guo XH, Hnatkova K, Camm AJ, et al. Relation of ventricular repolarization to cardiac cycle length in normal subjects, hypertrophic carand diomyopathy, patients with myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 1999;22:649-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960221011
- Van de Loo A, Arendts W, Hohnloser SH. Variability of QT dispersion measurements in the surface electrocardiogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:1113-1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(94)90462-6
- Roukema G, Singh JP, Meijs M, Carvalho C, Hart G. Effect of exercise-induced ischemia on QT interval dispersion. Am Heart J 1998;135:88-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(98)70347-3
- Statters DJ, Malik M, Ward DE, Camm AJ. QT dispersion:problems of methodology and clinical significance. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1994;5:672-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1994.tb01190.x
- Anastasiou-Nana MI, Nanas JN, Karagounis LA, Tsagalou EP, Alexopoulos GE, Toumanidis S, et al. Relation of dispersion of QRS and QT in patients with advanced congestive heart failure to cardiac and sudden death mortality. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1212-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00730-X
- Cuddy TE, Halli PS, Tate RB. QT dispersion and heart rate predict the risk of sudden unexpected cardiac death in men: the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Prev Cardiol 2009;12:27-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.00016.x
- Day CP, McComb JM, Campbell RW. QT dispersion: an indication of arrhythmia risk in patients with long QT intervals. Br Heart J 1990;63:342-344. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.63.6.342
- Mänttäri M, Oikarinen L, Manninen V, Viitasalo M. QT dispersion as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death and fatal myocardial infarction in a coronary risk population. Heart 1997;78:268-272. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.78.3.268
- Mulay DV, Quadri SM. QT dispersion and early arrhythmic risk in acute myocardial infarction. Indian Heart J 2004;56:636-641.
- Nahshoni E, Aizenberg D, Strasberg B, Dorfman P, Sigler M, Imbar S, et al. QT dispersion in the surface electrocardiogram in elderly patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 2000;60:197-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00142-1
- Nahshoni E, Gur S, Marom S, Levin JB, Weizman A, Hermesh H. QT dispersion in patients with social phobia. J Affect Disord 2004;78:21-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00052-6
- Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview(M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:22-33.
- Bazett HC. An analysis of the time relations of electrocardiograms. Heart 1920;7:353-370.
- Piccirillo G, Viola E, Bucca C, Santagada E, Raganato P, Tondo A, et al. QT interval dispersion and autonomic modulation in subjects with anxiety. J Lab Clin Med 1999;133:461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2143(99)90023-9
- Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Hope DA. Avoidant personality disorder and the generalized subtype of social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol 1992;101:318-325. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.2.318
- Bilan A, Witczak A, Palusiński R, Ignatowicz A, Hanzlik J. Circadian rhythm of the QT interval dispersion in hehealthy subjects. Correlation with heart rate variability circadian. J Electrocardiol 2005;38:36-42.