References
- Bernard TN Jr, Seibert CE : Pedicle diameter determined by computed tomography. Its relevance to pedicle screw fixation in the lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 17 (6 Suppl) : S160-S163, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199206001-00017
- Berry JL, Moran JM, Berg WS, Steffee AD : A morphometric study of human lumbar and selected thoracic vertebrae. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 12 : 362-367, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198705000-00010
- Chadha M, Balain B, Maini L, Dhaon BK : Pedicle morphology of the lower thoracic, lumbar, and S1 vertebrae : an Indian perspective. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 : 744-749, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200304150-00003
-
Chaynes P, Sol JC, Vaysse P, B
$\dot{e}$ cue J, Lagarrigue J : Vertebral pedicle anatomy in relation to pedicle screw fixation : a cadaver study. Surg Radiol Anat 23 : 85-90, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-001-0085-z - Datir SP, Mitra SR : Morphometric study of the thoracic vertebral pedicle in an Indian population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 : 1174-1181, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200406010-00004
- Dvorak M, MacDonald S, Gurr KR, Bailey SI, Haddad RG : An anatomical, radiographic, and biomechanical assessment of extrapedicular screw fixation in the thoracic spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 18 : 1689-1694, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199309000-00018
- Ebraheim NA, Jabaly G, Xu R, Yeasting RA : Anatomic relations of the thoracic pedicle to the adjacent neural structures. Spine 22 : 1553-1556; discussion 1557, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199707150-00002
- Fisher CG, Sahajpal V, Keynan O, Boyd M, Graeb D, Bailey C, et al : Accuracy and safety of pedicle screw fixation in thoracic spine trauma. J Neurosurg Spine 5 : 520-526, 2006 https://doi.org/10.3171/spi.2006.5.6.520
- Hou S, Hu R, Shi Y : Pedicle morphology of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine in a Chinese population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 18 : 1850-1855,1993 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199310000-00021
- Husted DS, Haims AH, Fairchild TA, Kershaw TS, Yue JJ : Morphometric comparison of the pedicle rib unit to pedicles in the thoracic spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29 : 139-146, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000105537.49674.A3
- Husted DS, Yue JJ, Fairchild TA, Haims AH : An extrapedicular approach to the placement of screws in the thoracic spine: an anatomic and radiographic assessment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 : 2324-2330, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000085361.32600.63
- Kim NH, Lee HM, Chung IH, Kim HJ, Kim SJ : Morphometric study of the pedicle of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in Koreans. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 19 : 1390-1394, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199406000-00014
- Kothe R, O’Holleran JD, Liu W, Panjabi MM : Internal architecture of the thoracic pedicle. An anatomic study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 21 : 264-270,1996 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199602010-00002
- Krag MH, Weaver DL, Beynnon BD, Haugh LD : Morphometry of the thoracic and lumbar spine related to transpedicular screw placement for surgical spinal fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 13 : 27-32,1988 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198801000-00007
- Lehman RA Jr, Kuklo TR : Use of the anatomic trajectory for thoracic pedicle screw salvage after failure/violation using the straightforward technique: a biomechanical analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 : 2072-2077, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000084628.37133.BA
- Lehman RA Jr, Polly DW Jr, Kuklo TR, Cunningham B, Kirk KL, Belmont PJ Jr : Straight-forward versus anatomic trajectory technique of thoracic pedicle screw fixation: a biomechanical analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 : 2058-2065, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000087743.57439.4F
- Liau KM, Yusof MI, Abdullah MS, Abdullah S, Yusof AH : Computed tomographic morphometry of thoracic pedicles: safety margin of transpedicular screw fixation in malaysian malay population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31 : E545-E550, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000225978.97652.e0
- Lien SB, Liou NH, Wu SS : Analysis of anatomic morphometry of the pedicles and the safe zone for through-pedicle procedures in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Eur Spine J 16 : 1215-1222, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-0245-2
- Morgenstern W, Ferguson SJ, Berey S, Orr TE, Nolte LP : Posterior thoracic extrapedicular fixation : a biomechanical study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 : 1829-1835, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000083280.72978.D1
- Panjabi MM, Takata K, Goel V, Federico D, Oxland T, Duranceau J, et al. : Thoracic human vertebrae. Quantitative three-dimentional anatomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 16 : 881-901, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199108000-00005
- Park YK, Lee JK, Lim DJ, Chung HS, Lee HK : Pedicle screw fixation of the thoracic spine. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 28 : 190-195, 1999
- Scoles PV, Linton AE, Latimer B, Levy ME, Digiovanni BF : Vertebral body and posterior element morphology : the normal spine in middle life. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 13 : 1082-1086, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198810000-00002
- Tan SH, Teo EC, Chua HC : Quantitative three-dimensional anatomy of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of Chinese Singaporeans. Eur Spine J 13 :137-146, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-003-0586-z
- Ugur HC, Attar A, Uz A, Tekdemir I, Egemen N, Genç Y : Thoracic pedicle : surgical anatomic evaluation and relations. J Spinal Disord 14 : 39-45, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002517-200102000-00007
- Vaccaro AR, Rizzolo SJ, Allardyce TJ, Ramsey M, Salvo J, Balderston RA, et al : Placement of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine. Part I: Morphometric analysis of the thoracic vertebrae. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 : 1193-1199, 1995 https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199508000-00008
- Vaccaro AR, Rizzolo SJ, Balderston RA, Allardyce TJ, Garfin SR, Dolinskas C, et al : Placement of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine. Part II : An anatomical and radiographic assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 : 1200-1206, 1995 https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199508000-00009
- Vougioukas VI, Weber J, Scheufler KM : Clinical and radiological results after parapedicular screw fixation of the thoracic spine. J Neurosurg Spine 3 : 283-287, 2005 https://doi.org/10.3171/spi.2005.3.4.0283
- White KK, Oka R, Mahar AT, Lowry A, Garfin SR : Pullout strength of thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation comparison of the transpedicular and extrapedicular techniques. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31 : E355-E358, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000219394.48091.d6
- Yüksel KZ, Adams MS, Chamberlain RH, Potocnjak M, Park SC, Sonntag VK, et al : Pull out resistance of thoracic extrapedicular screws used as a salvage procedure. Spine J 7 : 286-291, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2005.12.007
- Zindrick MR, Wiltse LL, Doornik A, Widell EH, Knight GW, Patwardhan AG, et al : Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar pedicles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 12 : 160-166, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198703000-00012
Cited by
- Morphometric Measurements of Cadaveric Thoracic Spine in Indian Population and Its Clinical Applications vol.5, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2011.5.1.20
- Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of Lenke type-1 curve exhibit specific pedicle width pattern vol.21, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-2055-4
- Age‐ and gender‐related variations in morphometric characteristics of thoracic spine pedicle vol.27, pp.3, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22359