통영연안 해역의 양식 참굴 (Crassostrea gigas) 의 중금속 농축에 관한 연구

The study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the cultured Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, along the coast of Tongyeong, Korea

  • 조상만 (군산대학교 해양생명과학과) ;
  • 김영환 (경상대학교 해양생명과학과.해양산업연구소) ;
  • 정우건 (경상대학교 해양생명과학과.해양산업연구소)
  • Cho, Sang-Man (Department of Aquaculture and Aquatic Science, Kunsan National University) ;
  • Kim, Yeong-Hwan (Institute of Marine Industry & Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Jeong, Woo-Geon (Institute of Marine Industry & Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 투고 : 2009.10.22
  • 심사 : 2009.11.12
  • 발행 : 2009.12.31

초록

해수 및 양식 참굴의 중금속 농도를 분석한 결과 일부 지역에서 간헐적으로 기준치를 초과하였지만 아직까지 뚜렷한 오염 현상은 확인되지 않았다. 그러나 기존 조사한 결과와 비교하면 미량이지만 증가 추세를 보이고 있어 지속적인 감시 및 관리체계 구축이 필요하다고 생각된다. 참굴의 중금속 생물농축계수를 조사한 결과 경남 연안에 서식하는 참굴의 생물농축계수는 청정해역과 오염해역의 중간이행 단계에 해당하였다. 특히 카드뮴의 생물농축계수가 다른 금속에 비해 월등히 높으므로, 이러한 특성을 활용하면 참굴을 Cd 등 중금속 오염 모니터링에 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 특히 카드뮴은 다른 원소들의 생물농축과 가장 밀접한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 카드뮴과 납이 가장 일정한 상관관계를 나타내는 것은 경남 연안의 해역의 주요 중금속 유입원은 화석연료유의 연소에 의해 유래된 것으로 추정된다. 다차원척도분석법에 의한 수질자료와 중금속 농축경향을 분석한 결과 경남 연안의 양식 참굴의 중금속 유입원은 강우에 의한 일시적 유입보다는 클로로필 a 및 투영도 등과 밀접한 유사성을 지니는 것으로 보아 통영연안에 서식하는 참굴의 중금속 축적은 대부분 먹이연쇄를 통해 이루어지는 것으로 본다.

In order to investigate contamination of heavy metal in seawater and cultured oyster, samples were collected November 2003 to July 2004 from 12 sites (13 sites for seawater) along the coast of Tongyeong, Korea. The mean concentrations of metal in oyster tissues were as follows: 0.09 (0.01-0.3) ${\mu}g/l$ for Cd, 0.47 (0.01-1.4) ${\mu}g/l$ for Cr, 0.59 (0.2-2.3) ${\mu}g/l$ for Ni, 1.02 (0.1-4.2) ${\mu}g/l$ for Pb and 0.48 (0.01-3.9) ${\mu}g/l$ for Hg in the seawater, whereas 2.45 (0-5.47) mg/kgDW for Cd, 3.63 (0.10-12.91) mg/kgDW for Cr, 3.2 (0.01-15.73) mg/kgDW for Ni, 3.51 (0.01-6.47) mg/kgDW for Pb and 0.39 (0.004-0.74) mg/kgDW for Hg, respectively. Most metal concentration values were below the permissible range for the related regulations. Mean bioconcentration factors (BCF) for each metal were as follows: 38,964 (1,771-207, 171) for Cd, 9,583 (1,231-80, 162) for Cr, 191 (3-20, 980) for Ni, 1,416 (245-5, 207) for Pb and 180 (5-716) for Hg, respectively. The BCF values from this study corresponded to the transitional phase from the pristine to the contaminated waters. Notably, Cd showed the highest BCF, which suggest that the Pacific oyster could be utilized as a useful biomarker for Cd contamination in sea water. The multidimensional scaling analysis suggested that the metal contaminants are mainly originated from combustion of fossil fuel and accumulated to oyster through food web.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 국립수산진흥원 (1997) 해양환경공정시험법. 한국해양학회, 316pp.
  2. Ahn Y.A. (2003) The evaluation of some metals in seawaters of Busan coast. MS thesis, Kosin University, Busan.
  3. Butler, P.A., Andron, L., Bonde, G.J., Jernelou, A., and Reisch, D.J. (1971) Monitoring organisms. In: FAO technical conference on marine pollution and its effects on living resources and fishing, Rome (1970). Supplement methods of detection, measurement and monitoring pollutants in the marine environment (ed. by Ruvio, M.) London Fishing News (Books), pp. 101-112.
  4. Choi, H.G., Park, J.S., and Lee, P.Y. (1992) Study on the heavy metal concentration in mussels and oysters from the Korean coastal waters. Bulletin of Korean Fisheries Society 25: 485-494.
  5. Depledge, M.H. and Phillips, D.J.H. (1986) Circulation, respiration and fluid dynamics in the Gastropods mollusc, Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 95: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(86)90083-3
  6. Food and Drug Administration (2001) Fish and fisheries products hazards and controls guidance. 287 pp.
  7. Hobden, D.J. (1967) Iron metabolism in Mytilus edulis, I. Waraton in total content and distribution. Journal of Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 47: 597-606. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400035219
  8. Hwang, G.C., Kim, S.J., Song, K.C., Wi, C.H. and Park, J.H. (1985) Heavy metal concentration in oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, in Hansan-Koje Bay. Bulletin of Fisheries Research and Development Agency 48: 205-215.
  9. Jeong I.G., Ha, K.S. and Choi, J.D. (2004) Heavy metals in fish and shellfish at the coastal area of Tongyeong, Korea. Journal of Institute of Marine Industry 17: 39-46.
  10. Kalk, M. (1963) Absorption of vanadium by tunicates. Nature (London). 198: 1010-1011. https://doi.org/10.1038/1981010a0
  11. Kim, I.S. and Han, S.H. (2000) A study of heavy metal contents in shellfishes of various areas in Jeonbuk. Journal of Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 25(9): 758-761.
  12. Kim, S.K. (1997) A Study on the heavy metals contents of shellfish in western coast of Korea. Journal of Natural Sciences of Soonchunhyang University 3:353-364.
  13. Korean Coast Guard (1990) Research report, Vol. 6. 253pp.
  14. Korean Food & Drug Administration (2005) Safe food.
  15. Korean Food & Drug Administration (2006) World collection of criteria for food contaminant. 105 pp.
  16. Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (1982) Study on the contaminant migration in coastal ecosystem. BSPE0032-60-4.
  17. Kwon, Y.T., Lee, C.W. and Min B.Y. (1990) A study on the environmental standard of toxic elements in sea water. Institute of Environmental Research, Kyungnam University 12: 25-26.
  18. Kwon, Y.T. and Lee, C.W. (2001) Ecological risk assesment of sediment on wastewater discharging area by means of metal speciation. Microchemical Journal 70: 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-265X(01)00122-9
  19. Lee, J.-H., Han K.-W. and Cho, J.-Y. (1997) Contents of heavy metals in seawater, sediments, fishes and shellfishes from Kunsan-Changhang coastal areas. Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology 4(4): 347-351.
  20. Lee, I.S. and Kim, E.J., (2000) Distribution of heavy metals in sediments, seawater and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the Jinhae Bay. The Korean Journal of Ecology 23(1): 59-64.
  21. Lee, S.H. and Lee, K.W. (1984) Heavy metal in mussels in the Korean coastal water. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 19: 111-117.
  22. Lewis, M.A., Quarles, R.L., Dantin, D.D. and Moore, J.C. (2004) Evaluation of a Florida coastal golf complex as a local and watershed source of bioavailable contaminants. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 254-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00397-7
  23. Ministry of Environment (2006) Enforcement Decree of the Water Qaulity and Ecosystem Conservation Act. Environmental Law. Korea.
  24. Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (2006) Statistical Year Book of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. 1260 pp.
  25. Park, J.S. and Kim, J.D. (1967) A study on the "Red-water" caused at Chinhae bay. Bulletin of National Fisheries Research and Development Institute 43: 63-79.
  26. Phillips, D.J.H. (1976) The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an indicator of trace metals in Scandinavian Water. I. Zinc and cadmium. Marine Biology 43: 283-291.
  27. Philip, S.R. (1995) Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31: 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(95)00116-5
  28. Rainbow, P.S. (1990) Heavy metals in marine invertebrates. In: Heavy metals in the marine environments. (Eds. by Furness. R.W. and Rainbow, P.S.) pp. 68-79. CRC Press. Florida.
  29. Soto, J. and Paez, O. (2001) Distribution and normalization of heavy metal concentrations in mangrove and aagoonal sediments from Mazatlan Harbor (SE Gulf of California). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2000.0814