Past, Present, and Future of Brain Imaging Studies in Trichotillomania

발모광 뇌영상 연구의 과거, 현재와 미래

  • Lee, Ji-Ah (Department of Neuropsychiatry, KyungHee University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Chul-Kwon (Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University) ;
  • Kim, Yoon-Jung (Department of Neuropsychiatry, KyungHee University School of Medicine) ;
  • Bahn, Geon-Ho (Department of Neuropsychiatry, KyungHee University School of Medicine)
  • 이지아 (경희대학교 의과대학 신경정신과학교실) ;
  • 김철권 (동아대학교 의과대학 정신과학교실) ;
  • 김윤정 (경희대학교 의과대학 신경정신과학교실) ;
  • 반건호 (경희대학교 의과대학 신경정신과학교실)
  • Received : 2009.05.12
  • Accepted : 2009.07.13
  • Published : 2009.10.30

Abstract

Trichotillomania (TTM) is a disorder characterized by repetitive hair pulling, frequently from the scalp and/or eyebrows, leading to noticeable hair loss and functional impairment. TTM remains a poorly understood and inadequately treated disorder despite increased recognition of its prevalence. We review available neuroimaging studies conducted in patients with TTM, covering structural and functional neuroimaging in turn. Data from patients' structural and functional neuroimaging results enabled us to identify the neural circuitry involved in the manifestation of hair pulling. Finally, we highlighted the future importance of neuroimaging studies in children and adolescents with TTM.

Keywords

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press;2000.
  2. Mansueto CS, Thomas AM, Brice AL. Hair pulling and its affective correlates in an African-American university sample. J Anxiety Disord 2007;21:590-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.004
  3. Hong KE. Korean textbook of child psychiatry. Seoul: Jungangmunwha Co. ;2006.
  4. Vivien KB, Jeffrey WK. Impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified. In: Benjamin JS, Virginia AS, editors. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005. p.2041-2044.
  5. Keuthen NJ, O'Sullivan RL, Sprich-Buckminster S. Trichotillomania: current issues in conceptualization and treatment. Psychother Psychosom 1998;67:202-213. https://doi.org/10.1159/000012282
  6. Frey AS, McKee M, King RA, Martin A. Hair apparent: Rapunzel syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:242-248. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.242
  7. Bahn GH, Sim WY, Kim YJ, Park YC. Clinical characteristics of childhood trichotillomania. Kyung Hee Univ Med J 2005;30: 51-56.
  8. World Health Organization. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization;1992.
  9. Stein DJ, Garner JP, Keuthen NJ, Franklin ME, Walkup JT, Woods DW. Trichotillomania, stereotypic movement disorder, and related disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007;9:301-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-007-0036-4
  10. Mansueto CS. Trichotillomania in focus. OCD Foundation Newslett 1991;5:10-11.
  11. Woods DW, Flessner CA, Franklin ME, Keuthen NJ, Goodwin RD, Stein DJ, et al. The Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): exploring phenomenology, functional impairment, and treatment utilization. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1877-1888. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n1207
  12. Min SK. Modern psychiatry. 4th ed. Seoul: Ilchokak;1999.
  13. Christenson GA, Ristvedt SL, Mackenzie TB. Identification of trichotillomania cue profiles. Behav Res Ther 1993;31:315-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90030-X
  14. Christenson GA, Mackenzie TB, Mitchell JE. Characteristics of 60 adult chronic hair pullers. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:365-370. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.3.365
  15. Swedo SE. Is trichotillomania an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder? In: Hollander E, editor. Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press;1993.
  16. Stein DJ, Simeon D, Cohen LJ, Hollander E. Trichotillomania and obsessive- compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;4:28-34.
  17. Miguel EC, Baer L, Coffey BJ, Rauch SL, Savage CR, O'Sullivan RL, et al. Phenomenological differences appearing with repetitive behaviours in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:140-145. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.2.140
  18. Swedo SE, Leonard HL. Trichotillomania. An obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder? Psychiatr Clin N Am 1992;15:777-790.
  19. Graybiel AM, Rauch SL. Toward a neurobiology of obsessivecompulsive disorder. Neuron 2000;28:343-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00113-6
  20. Stein DJ, Lochner C. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: a multidimensional approach. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2006;29: 343-351.
  21. Elliott AJ, Fuqua RW. Trichotillomania: conceptualization, measurement, and treatment. Behav Ther 2000;31:529-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80029-5
  22. Chamberlain SR, Blackwell AD, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: the importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005;29:399-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006
  23. Stein DJ, Chamberlain SR, Fineberg N. An A-B-C model of habit disorders: hair-pulling, skin-picking, and other stereotypic conditions. CNS Spectr 2006;11:824-827. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900014978
  24. Chamberlain SR, Odlaug BL, Boulougouris V, Fineberg NA, Grant JE. Trichotillomania: neurobiology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009;33:831-842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.02.002
  25. Chamberlain SR, Menzies L, Sahakian BJ, Fineberg NA. Lifting the veil on Trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:568-574. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.568
  26. Menzies L, Achard S, Chamberlain SR, Fineberg N, Chen CH, del Campo N, et al. Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive- compulsive disorder. Brain 2007;130:3223-3236. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm205
  27. Menzies L, Chamberlain SR, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Sahakian BJ, Bullmore ET. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the orbitofronto-striatal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008;32:525-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005
  28. Stein DJ, Coetzer R, Lee M, Davids B, Bouwer C. Magnetic resonance brain imaging in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Psychiatry Res 1997;74:177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00010-3
  29. Christenson GA, Mackenzie TB, Mitchell JE. Characteristics of 60 adult chronic hair pullers. Am J Psychiatry 1992;148:365-370.
  30. Grachev ID. MRI-based morphometric topographic parcellation of human neocortex in trichotillomania. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;51:315-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb03205.x
  31. O'Sullivan RL, Rauch SL, Breiter HC, Grachev ID, Baer L, Kennedy DN, et al. Reduced basal ganglia volumes in trichotillomania measured via morphometric magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42:39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00297-1
  32. Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, Aylward EH, Shih B, Chee E, et al. Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome. Neurology 1993;43:950-956. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.5.950
  33. Makris N, Hodge SM, Haselgrove C, Kennedy DN, Dale A, Fischl B, et al. Human cerebellum: surface-assisted cortical parcellation and volumetry with magnetic resonance imaging. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:584-599. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903321662967
  34. Keuthen NJ, Makris N, Schlerf JE, Martis B, Savage CR, Mc- Mullin K, et al. Evidence for reduced cerebellar volumes in trichotillomania. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:374-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.013
  35. Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Leonard HL, Schapiro MB, Rapoport SI, Grady CL. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism of women with trichotillomania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:828-833. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330052008
  36. Chamberlain SR, Menzies LA, Fineberg NA, Del Campo N, Suckling J, Craig K, et al. Grey matter abnormalities in trichotillomania: morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry 2008;193:216-221. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048314
  37. Kim JJ, Lee MC, Kim J, Kim IY, Kim SI, Han MH, et al. Grey matter abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder: statistical parametric mapping of segmented magnetic resonance images. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:330-334. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.4.330
  38. Etgen T, Muhlau M, Gaser C, Sander D. Bilateral grey-matter increase in the putamen in primary blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:1017-1020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.087148
  39. Garraux G, Goldfine A, Bohlhalter S, Lerner A, Hanakawa T, Hallett M. Increased midbrain gray matter in Tourette's syndrome. Ann Neurol 2006;59:381-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20765
  40. Steen RG, Ogg RJ, Reddick WE, Kingsley PB. Age-related changes in the pediatric brain: quantitative MR evidence of maturational changes during adolescence. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:819-828.
  41. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence:a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci 1999;2:861-863. https://doi.org/10.1038/13158
  42. Whitford TJ, Rennie CJ, Grieve SM, Clark CR, Gordon E, Williams LM. Brain maturation in adolescence: concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Hum Brain Mapp 2007;28:228-237. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20273
  43. Draganski B, Gaser C, Busch V, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, May A. Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature 2004;427:311-312. https://doi.org/10.1038/427311a
  44. Kim YH. Usefulness of functional MRI for the study of brain function. J Kor Brain Soc 2001;1:65-76.
  45. Raichle ME. Visualizing the mind. Sci Am 1994;270:58-64.
  46. Sanders JA, Orrison Jr WW. Functional brain imaging. In: Orrison Jr. WW, Lewine JD, Sanders JA, Hartshorne MF, editors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging. St. Louis: Mosby;1995. p.239-326.
  47. Rauch SL, Wright CI, Savage CR, Martis B, McMullin KG, Wedig MM, et al. Brain activation during implicit sequence learning in individuals with trichotillomania. Psychiatry Res 2007;154:233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.09.002
  48. Swedo SE, Schapiro MB, Grady CL, Cheslow DL, Leonard HL, Kumar A, et al. Cerebral glocose metabolism in chidhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:518-523. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060038007
  49. Rauch SL, Savage CR, Alpert NM, Dougherty D, Kendrick A, Curran T, et al. Probing striatal function in obsessive compulsive disorder: a PET study of implicit sequence learning. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;9:568-573. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.9.4.568
  50. Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Curran T, Shin LM, Coffey BJ, Savage CR, et al. Probing striato-thalamic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome using neuroimaging methods. Adv Neurol 2001;85:207-224.
  51. Prohovnik I. SPECT imaging of cerebral physiology. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press;1993.
  52. Vythilingum B, Warwick J, van Kradenburg J, Hugo C, van Heerden B, Stein DJ. SPECT scans in identical twins with trichotillomania. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;14:340-342. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14.3.340
  53. Lucey JV, Costa DC, Blanes T, Busatto GF, Pilowsky LS, Takei N, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disordered patients at rest: differential correlates with obsessive compulsive and anxious avoidant dimensions. Br J Psychiatry 1995;167:629-634. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.629
  54. Berthier ML, Kulisevsky J, Gironell A, Heras JA. Obsessivecompulsive disorder associated with brain lesions: clinical phenomenology, cognitive function and anatomic correlates. Neurology 1996;47:353-361. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.47.2.353
  55. Moriarty J, Eapen V, Costa DC, Gacinovic S, Trimble M, Ell PJ, et al. HMPAO SPET does not distinguish obsessive-compulsive and tic syndromes in families multiply affected with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Psychol Med 1997;27:737-740. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004072
  56. Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Curran T, Shin LM, Coffey BJ, Savage CR, et al. A PET investigation of implicit and explicit sequence learning. Hum Brain Mapp 1995;3:271-286. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.460030403
  57. Stein DJ, van Heerden B, Hugo C, van Kradenburg J, Warwick J, Zungu-Dirwayi N, et al. Functional brain imaging and pharmacotherapy in trichotillomania. Single photon emission computed tomography before and after treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:885-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00334-7
  58. Insel TR. Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:739-744. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090067011
  59. McGuire PK, Bench CJ, Frith CD, Marks IM, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. Functional anatomy of obsessive-compulsive phenomena. Br J Psychiatry 1994;134:382-389.
  60. Available from URL :http://www.trich.org/research/current.html
  61. Swedo SE, Rapoport JL. Annotation: trichotillomania. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32:401-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00319.x
  62. Bloch MH. Trichotillomania across the life span. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:879-883. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181ae09f3
  63. Kim BN, Kim YN. Brain imaging studies in child and adolescent psychiatry. Kor J Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2007;46:308-323.
  64. Jeon DI. Applications of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to the Research of Psychiatric Disorders. Kor J Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2002;41:123-137.